Satellite observed Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) is used to initialize the clouds and radiation of the Florida State University Global Spectral Model. A one-parameter method and two different six-parameter methods of initialization are formulated. The one-parameter method is shown to be the most efficient and produce the best results. / The effects of the cloud and radiation initialization on a five day forecast are presented. The initialization procedure produces a better forecast of OLR than the control experiment by such a large extent that the five day forecast of the initialization experiment has approximately the same verification score as the initial data of the control experiment. The cloud forecasts (high, middle, and low) of the initialization experiment prominently show the cloud signatures of the monsoon, the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean ITCZs, and the African rainbelt, but the cloud signatures of the control experiment are weak or nonexistent. The moist static stability budgets show that the initialization procedure had a large impact on the forecast after five days of integration by producing a monsoon and typhoon that were stronger and better defined. Additionally, radiative destabilization forcing budgets of the initialization experiment were an order of magnitude greater than the control experiment for the Atlantic Ocean ITCZ. The effect of initialization on precipitation forecasts was also investigated. It was found that the model precipitation decreased after initialization. This is attributed to the model formulation of precipitation, and a new formulation is suggested for further investigation. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 51-12, Section: B, page: 5925. / Major Professor: T. N. Krishnamurti. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1990.

This dissertation describes a procedure for estimating surface heat and moisture fluxes based on the use of remotely sensed satellite measurements and a biosphere model. Data collection and processing procedures are presented along with the measurement analysis for the entire 1987 FIFE (First ISLSCP) Field Experiment). Two FSU stations measured surface layer gradients of temperature and moisture. These data were used in the determination of evapotranspiration based on the Bowen ratio method. / A procedure is developed for filtering the flux time series. The filter, based on a two-dimensional Fourier transform, preserves the basic diurnal features and longer time scales while removing high frequency noise which cannot be attributed to site-induced variation. A filtering procedure is desirable before the measurements are utilized as input with a biosphere model both to prevent numerical instabilities and to insure that model-based intercomparisons at multiple sites are uncontaminated by input variance not related to true site behaviour. / The design and formulation of an experimental biosphere model (Ex-BATS) is described. Ex-BATS has been designed to incorporate in situ measurements and satellite parameterizations of certain canopy variables (surface albedo, leaf area index and stomatal resistance). Model validation inter-comparison shows that Ex-BATS produces realistic diurnal behavior of surface fluxes. The results of a series of numerical experiments using Ex-BATS are presented. These simulations have been performed in order to assess how the model performs when remotely sensed data are used to estimate the canopy variables. Results indicate that Ex-BATS is not sensitive to small variations of surface albedo or leaf area index within the range of estimation uncertainty. Simulations using remotely retrieved stomatal resistance produced significantly reduced RMS differences for latent and sensible heat fluxes over the model using a hypothetical formulation. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-03, Section: B, page: 1498. / Major Professor: Eric A. Smith. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1991.

A tropical atmosphere-ocean coupled model is used to study the effects of a zonally sloping thermocline on the coupled oscillatory modes in the tropics. A two and one half layer oceanic model is coupled with the steady state Gill's atmospheric model. A constant depth mixed layer is included in the upper layer. The SST is calculated in the mixed layer. The interface of the two upper layers is sloping and prescribed as the observed 20$\sp\circ$C isotherm in the Pacific Ocean. The formula of Seager et al. (1988) is used to compute the entrained water temperature. / The unstable waves behave like the propagating modes with much larger SST anomalies observed in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is found that the coupled instabilities are very sensitive to the steepness of the tilted thermocline in the central Pacific Ocean. A series of numerical experiments have been performed, with different thermocline profiles, in the Pacific Ocean. An interannual oscillation is self sustained when a realistic thermocline profile is specified. The initial disturbance slowly decays and comes back to the equilibrium state of rest when the thermocline slope becomes steeper. The oscillation amplitude becomes much larger when a flatter thermocline is used. An additional numerical experiment is conducted to investigate the role of the western boundary reflection. It is found that the reflection does not change the oscillatory period although it affects the amplitude. A simpler conceptual model is also used to explain the physics. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-12, Section: B, page: 6296. / Major Professor: James J. O'Brien. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1991.

A two-stream multiple-scattering model based on the Delta-Eddington approximation, has been incorporated into the FSU limited area model for computing the shortwave radiative fluxes for dust aerosols over the region of Saudi Arabia. / The period of 26 June to 1 July, 1979, has been selected as the period of concentration for this study. This was during the late June, 1979 extensive dust storm outbreak. / In this study, the radiative dust properties are determined based upon the findings of field experiments corresponding to different categories of dustiness and horizontal visibility. Satellite data and visibility were used to determine the intensity of dust. The dust layer (DL) structure and behavior have been analyzed and have been used to locate the dust boundaries and thicknesses. / A two parallel forecast of the FSU regional model has been performed. One of these includes the radiative transfer of dust aerosols in its radiation scheme. Both models are initiated with the FGGE IIIb data set, which has been analyzed at the ECMWF. A comparison between the two experiments shows that the absence of dust aerosol radiative heat will weaken the heat low over the region of Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the radiative heat of the heavy dust, concentrated at the low level during the dust outbreak episode, protects the heat low from any further destruction due to cold advection and strong wind. / A significant improvement in the diurnal cycle of temperature at the middle level occurred when the dust aerosols were introduced into the level. The presence of dust aerosols over the sea surface has been found to weaken the sea breeze circulation, but when the DL base is lifted to 850 mb or above, the model simulated a diurnal cycle of the sea breeze. The extension of the DL over the Arabian Sea was found to warm the middle level in the vicinity of the DL and cool the layer below the DL. It also intensifies the inversion above the monsoon flow. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-03, Section: B, page: 1483. / Major Professor: T. N. Krishnamurti. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1995.

Ozone is a secondary pollutant produced by photochemical reactions of two important classes of anthropogenic pollutants: volatile organic compounds (VOC) or non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO$\sb{\rm x}$ = NO + NO$\sb2$). Despite large efforts and expenditures in the U.S. to control emissions of VOCs and NO$\sb{\rm x}$, decreases in ozone concentrations nationwide have been modest, approximately 11% between 1981 and 1991. The reasons could be explained largely by the complexity of the problem itself. Ozone concentration in ambient air is determined, not just by the emissions of its precursors, but to a large extent by the prevailing meteorological conditions. In this study, surface ozone-meteorology relationships have been examined and statistical models have been built to design optimum photochemical pollutant monitoring networks and to deduce the actual ozone concentration trends of 43 cities in the U.S. Regionwide ozone episodes in the eastern U.S. appear to be essentially triggered by the warm season blocking high pressure systems and the quasi-stationary fronts or troughs. Further, a new model evaluation technique has been developed which can partition residual variance into spatial and temporal mismatches and pure magnitude differences between the observed and predicted fields, and the latest version of the USEPA regional oxidant model (ROM) has been evaluated. The ROM is then applied to test the regional ozone responses to various precursor emission reductions. Given the current model physics and the routine input data quality, the ROM results suggest: (1) The reduction of $NO\sb{x}$ emissions is a key factor in reducing regional ozone for broad areas of the eastern U.S. (2) The benefits of VOC reductions are in major urban areas or in NO$\sb{\rm x}$-source-intensive regions. Their primary benefit appears to be in / reducing ozone peak values near NO$\sb{\rm x}$-source-intensive areas (i.e., large urban centers and/or large power plants). (3) It appears that, $in\ NO\sb{x}$-source-intensive areas, a strategy featuring a combination of both VOC and NO$\sb{\rm x}$ reduction would be most effective in reducing the regional ozone peaks near the sources and, at the same time, benefit broad areas downwind. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-04, Section: B, page: 2080. / Major Professor: John W. Winchester. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1995.

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