Although upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the most frequent illness among humans, insufficient evidence exists to determine if exercise training during an URTI may prolong or intensify an URTI. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of exercise training on the severity and duration of URTI symptoms. Following serological screening, those subjects who were rhinovirus 16 (RV 16) antibody-free completed a graded exercise test. Thirty-four individuals (ages 18-29 years) of moderate fitness (between 32 ml/kg"1/miri 1- 60 ml/kg 1/min"1) were randomly assigned to the exercise group (EX) while 16 individuals of similar age served as a nonexercise control group (CTL). All subjects were inoculated with RV 16 on two consecutive days. EX subjects completed 40 minutes of supervised exercise at 70% of heart rate reserve within 18 hours of each inoculation and then exercised every other day for the next eight days (total of six exercise sessions). Immediately following each exercise period subjects completed a symptom checklist. EX subjects were strongly encouraged to abstain from any additional physical activity while the CTL group was encouraged to be as sedentary as possible for ten days beginning the first day of inoculation. Prior to the first inoculation and every 12 hours afterwards all subjects completed a 13 item symptom severity checklist and a physical activity log (e.g., minutes of walking, and hours of work). Used facial tissues were collected and weighed during these same reporting periods. One-way analysis of variance indicated that there! was no significant difference between groups with respect to additional physical activity. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences in either the severity or duration of an URTI (symptom scores, mucous weights) between the EX and CTL groups for any given day. Further, no significant differences were observed between the pre and post exercise symptom scores for the EX group. These results suggests that moderate exercise training during a rhinovirus-caused URTI does not appear to alter the severity and duration of the illness. This was the first study to examine the influence of exercise on symptom severity and duration during an URTI. Additional studies should be performed utilizing various exercise prescriptions (e.g. intensity, frequency and duration), subject populations (e.g. younger and older), and fitness levels (e.g. sedentary, and highly fit). / School of Physical Education

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-106). / Microfiche. / xxii, 106 leaves, bound 29 cm

This study investigated the influence of human morphology upon selected physiological, biomechanical and psychological responses to horizontal locomotion. In so doing, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness with which morphology-normalised speeds of walking and running reduced the between-subject variability that is inherent in human locomotor responses. Twenty caucasian males were divided into two groups on the basis of stature - ten subjects in each of a "short" category (<170cm) and a "tall" category (>185cm). All subjects were habituated to treadmill locomotion prior to exposure to three walking treatments (0.83, 1.39 and 1.94m.s⁻¹) and three running treatments (2.50, 3.06 and 3.61m.s⁻¹). During each of these five-minute locomotor conditions, energetic (V02), kinematic (cadence and stride length) and psychophysical (central and local RPE) data were captured. From these data, lines of best fit were calculated for each subject, allowing for a prediction of the abovementioned locomotor variables from known absolute rates of progression. Using suitable regression equations, subject responses to morphology-normalised speeds of walking and running were effectively extrapolated. When the rate of progression was expressed in absolute terms (m.s⁻¹), significant differences (P <0.05) were found between the stature-related groups with respect to both energetic and kinematic locomotor responses. Such differences were successfully eliminated when use was made of locomotor speeds relativised on the basis of morphology. This study concludes that the use of appropriately prescribed morphology-normalised rates of progression are effective in reducing the variability in locomotor responses between subjects differing significantly in stature.

The objective of the present study was to establish effective combinations of marching speed and backpack load in order to meet specific military requirements. Thirty infantrymen from the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprised the sample and experimental procedures were conducted in a laboratory setting using a Cybex Trotter treadmill. Sixteen conditions were set up which included combinations of four speeds (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 km.h⁻¹) and four backpack loads (20, 35, 50, and 65kg). Each subject was required to complete 8 of the sixteen conditions, each consisting of a six-minute treadmill march. Physiological data (heart rate, ventilation and metabolic responses), kinematic gait responses (step-rate and stride length) and perceptions of exertion (“Central” and “Local” RPE) were collected during the third and sixth minutes of the treadmill march and areas of body discomfort were identified post-march. Responses revealed five distinct categories of exertional strain. Three marches constituted “nominal” (below 40% VO₂max) and three “excessive” strain (above 75% VO₂ max). These represent combinations of extreme military demands and are highly unlikely to be utilised by the military. Three “tolerable” levels of required effort were recommended and these 10 combinations were further divided into three sub-categories. The “moderate” stress marches were identified as “ideal” for prolonged marches and had statistically similar responses of working heart rates (range of 118 bt.min⁻¹ to 127 bt.min⁻¹), energy expenditure (26 kJ.min⁻¹ and 27 kJ.min⁻¹) and ratings of perceived exertion (“Central” ratings of 10 and 11). Thus, marching at 5.5 km.h⁻¹with 20kg, 4.5 km.h⁻¹ with 35kg or 3.5 km.h⁻¹ with 50kg all require a similar energy cost. Four “heavy” category marches were identified for possible use when the duration of the march is reduced. During these marches responses were statistically similar with heart rates ranging from 127 bt.min⁻¹ to 137 bt.min⁻¹, energy expenditure from 32 kJ.min⁻¹ to 37 kJ.min⁻¹ and “Central” ratings of perceived exertion were 12 and 13. When short, high intensity marches are necessary, then combinations from the “very heavy” category may be utilised but with caution. During these marches, soldiers were taxed between 65% and 75% of VO2 max. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the interplay between speed and load needs to be adjusted when determining “ideal” combinations for specific military demands. Essentially, if speed is of the essence then load must be reduced, and if heavy loads need to be transported then speed must be reduced.

[Conclusions] l) The two forms of human locomotion, walking and running, are distinctly different and in evaluating these gait patterns consideration must be given to this fact. 2) The impression created by the energy cost curves, that there is a single locomotor interface for both walking and running is a false one . There are two distinctly different locomotor interfaces, the walk-to-run interface and the run-to-walk interface. The former appears to correspond with the "metabolic intersection point" and therefore has some metabolic significance. The latter appears to be merely an "overshoot" of the walk-to-run interface and presently has no apparent metabolic significance. 3) Because the walk-to-run interface speed corresponds with the intersection point of the energy cost curves, physiological responses to walking and running at this speed do not differ significantly. However, cadence and stride length patterns for these two locomotor patterns are distinctly different at this point. 4) The identification of single physiological or kinematic factors during perceptions of exertion in any given situation is an extremely difficult if not impossible task. Perceived exertion should therefore be considered a multi-factorial concept and should be evaluated as such. 5) The use of relative speed as a technique for reducing inter-subject variability in physiological and kinematic factors is worthless unless diverse ranges in morphological linearity are a characteristic of one's subject pool

No description available.

The purposes of the research presented in this thesis were to: (l) assess the nutritional status of vegetarian and nonvegetarian Seventh-day Adventists (SDA), non-SDA non-vegetarians, and non-vegetarian hormone dependent cancer subjects; (2) determine the relationship of various blood and urinary biochemical parameters to dietary intake; (3) determine hormonal status in these populations; (4) correlate hormonal status with nutrient intake; and (5) suggest alterations in the diet which may deter the incidence of breast cancer. Adult males and females were recruited from the Corvallis area, and the group was comprised of 51 SDA vegetarians (SV), 16 SDA non-vegetarians (SNV), 53 non-vegetarians (NV), and 18 hormone dependent cancer subjects (HDCS). A fasting blood sample, 24-hour urine collection, and 3-day dietary intake information were obtained from each subject. The nutrient intake parameters measured were: food energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, ascorbic acid, saturated fat, linoleic and oleic acids, and cholesterol. The blood and urine parameters measured were: plasma estrone, estradiol, estriol, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cholesterol, triglyceride, pyridoxal phosphate, and whole blood selenium; urinary urea nitrogen, 4- pyridoxic acid, vitamin B-6, and creatinine. Three-day diet records were analyzed from a computerized nutrient data base. High levels of protein, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin were consumed by males and females alike. Similar levels of vitamin A and linoleic acid were consumed by all groups. Overall, the SV were consuming significantly more carbohydrate, thiamin and ascorbic acid than non-vegetarian groups; while, the non-vegetarians were consuming significantly more energy, protein, fat, saturated fat, oleic acid, cholesterol, calcium, riboflavin, and niacin than SV. In 2$% and 26% of all women, iron and vitamin B-6 intakes were below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Approximately 50% of the SDA population consume vegetarian diets, which may contain higher amounts of fiber than NV diets and may adversely affect their vitamin B-6 (B-6) and selenium (Se) status. Groups of male and female SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS were subdivided into vitamin users and non-users for B-6 comparisons. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was determined by an enzymatic method. Urinary B-6 (UB6), 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and whole blood Se were determined by microbiological and fluorometric methods. No significant differences were found for PLP, 4PA, UB6, dietary B-6 (DB6), B-6:protein ratios, or % of DB6 intake excreted as 4PA between male or female SV, SNV, and NV groups. Male PLP, 4PA, UB6 and DB6 intake mean values were higher than female levels. Hormone dependent cancer subjects currently receiving chemotherapy had significantly lower PLP levels than non-therapeutic HDCS. An extensive evaluation of the interrelationships among urine and blood B-6 metabolites was done to assess B-6 nutritional status. Vitamin B-6 status of SV, SNV, and NV did not differ. Selenium levels of the SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS were low and well below values reported elsewhere in the United States, but similar in all groups. Seventh-day Adventists endocrine related cancer rates are lower than the general population. Investigation of the relationships between diet and plasma estrone (El), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and prolactin (PRL) levels for SV, SNV, NV, and HDCS was done. Also, estimation of dietary fat (F) intake from 32 F containing foods was determined from a questionnaire reflecting the dietary intakes of 14 SV and 9 NV premenopausal women during the past year. All hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The premenopausal SV were consuming approximately 25% less F than NV, and used significantly less fried foods (P [less than or equal to] 0.01). Premenopausal NV plasma levels of El and E2, but not E3, were significantly greater than that of SV (P [less than or equal to] 0.02; P [less than or equal to] 0.05). Comparisons of the other male or female SV and NV groups El, E2, E3, DHEA-S, and PRL levels were not different. Regression analysis of the questionnaire data revealed no significant positive correlations between F intake and SV or NV premenopausal levels of any of the three estrogens. However, according to regression analysis involving 3-day dietary intake averages, premenopausal SV E2 and E3 levels were positively correlated with intakes of linoleic acid and protein (P [less than or equal to] 0.05; P [less than or equal to] 0.01); also, premenopausal NV prolactin levels were correlated with intakes of oleic and linoleic acids, and total fat (P [less than or equal to] 0.005; P [less than or equal to] 0.02; P [less than or equal to] O.Ol). Therefore, based on these findings and other current evidence, it may be wise for premenopausal women to reduce meat intake and other products of high fat content. / Graduation date: 1981

Eight healthy males performed two rides to exhaustion at a work load corresponding to 125% Q02 max, one hr after ingesting either NaHCO3 (E) or NaCl (C). Mean + SE pre-exercise blood pH, HCO3 and base excess (BE) values were respectively 7.42 + 0.01, 28.2 + 1.5 mmol/l and 2.02 + 0.1 mmol/l for the E condition, and 7.39 + 0.01, 24.4 + 0.7 mmol/l and -0.4 + 0.7 mmol/l for the C condition (P < 0.05 for all variables). Cycling time to exhaustion (E = 100.66.1; C = 98.6 + 5.7 sec) and total "02 during recovery (E 17.7 + 0.9; C = 17.3 + 0.8 1/30 min) did not differ between treatments. Blood pH, HCO3 and BE were significantly higher while the hydrogen ion to lactate ratio (LH+I/ELAI) was significantly lower in E than in C during recovery. Blood LA levels were also greater in E than in C during the latter part of recovery although peak individual values were not significantly different between trials CE = 14.4 + 0.4; C = 13.3 + 0.0 mmol /1) . In view of the insignificant differences in cycling time, peakLA production was greater in E than in C. Rather it individual LA and total recovery 002, it is not likely that Given this protocol, alkalosis does not help to sustain an appears that LA efflux was enhanced by the NaHCO3 feeding. Additionally, the return of the acid-base status in blood to resting conditions was more rapid during alkalosis does not help to sustain an intense exercise bout. These data suggest, however, that NaHCO3 may be of benefit following repeated work bouts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of oral NaHCOa administration on the alteration of acid-base balance and performance of high-intensity interval swimming. Ten male college swimmers were studied on five test days within a two-week period. Each test day consisted of five 100-yd freestyle swims with a two-minute rest interval between each bout. Subjects received two NaHCO3, two placebo and one no-drink treatments for the five test days. One hour before the onset of swimming the subjects were given 300 ml of citric acid flavored solution containing either NaCl (placebo) or NaHC03 (experimental), or received no drink. The dose of NaHCO3 solution was 0.25 9/kg-1 body weight. Before the sprint trial test a 300-yd warmup swimming was performed followed by a nine-minute rest. Performance times for each 100-yd swim were recorded. Blood samples were obtained before and one hour after treatment, two minutes after warmup and the last bout of swim. Blood, pH, lactate, standard bicarbonate (SBC) and base excess (BE) were measured. After the statistical analysis had shown there were no differences between the corresponding values of two trials for the same treatment, the data for identical treatments were combined and reanalyzed statistically as one group. All the corresponding variables between placebo and no-drink revealed no differences. Performance times of the fourth and fifth swimming bouts were faster (P < 0.05) and blood lactate after exercise was higher (P < 0.05) in NaHCO3 condition. Blood pH, SBC, BE were higher (P < 0.05) at post-treatment, post-warmup and post-last bout of swim in NaHCO3 condition. The difference between NaHCO3 and the other two conditions on the increment of lactate (2.0 mM) was proportional to that on the decrement of SBC (2.2 meq/1) after exercise. The data from the placebo and NaHCO3 treatments shown a positive correlation between hydrogen ion and lactate concentrations (r = 0.923) and a negative correlation between SBC and lactate concentrations (r = -0.941) after warmup and exercise. These data are in agreement with previous findings that during repeated bouts of exercise pre-exercise administration of NaHCO3 improves performance, possibly by facilitating the efflux of lactate and hydrogen ions from working muscles and thereby delaying the onset of fatigue.