Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Rumy Goto / Banca: Manoel Abilio de Queiroz / Resumo: Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram usados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. As estrobilurinas possuem efeitos fisiológicos positivos no rendimento das culturas, devido ao aumento da fotossíntese líquida e melhor balanço hormonal. Já o boscalida complementa a ação desses fungicidas, aplicado alternadamente ou em conjunto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de piraclostrobina, azoxistrobina e boscalida em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como no aumento da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos: uma testemunha e quatro aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1, boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após o transplante, a intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado através das observações das seguintes características: trocas gasosas, eficiência do uso da água, índice SPAD na folha, atividade das enzimas nitrato redutase, peroxidase, catalase e superóxido dismutase (SOD) e na pós colheita dos frutos de melão rendilhado. Em função dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os fungicidas testados apresentam efeitos fisiológicos positivos na cultura do melão rendilhado. As plantas tratadas com boscalida obtiveram um incremento positivo na taxa de assimilação de CO2 além... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The fungicides were until recently used exclusively for disease control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept to the use of these products. The strobilurins have positive physiological effects on crop yields, due to increased net photosynthesis and better hormonal balance. On the other hand, boscalida complements the action of these fungicides, applied alternately or together. This study aimed on evaluating the effect of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin and boscalida in plants of net melon (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) under conditions of protected environment, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development, as well as increased production and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the College of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus of Botucatu in a protected environment. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five fungicide treatments: control, 60 g azoxystrobin ha-1, 75 g ha-1 boscalid, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1, boscalid (37.5 g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1), applied on the leaves, 14 days after transplantation in an interval of 7 days. The treatment effect was evaluated by the following observations: gas exchange, water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post-harvest of the fruits of net melon. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that the fungicide that were tested have positive physiological effects on the culture of net melon. Plants treated with boscalida had a positive increase in the rate of CO2 assimilation and also a positive influence on the chlorophyll content of the leaves. The fruits from these plants had greater mass apart from higher content of soluble... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

M.A. / Literature indicates that childhood ADHD has received considerable attention and recognition in today’s society and is effectively represented in the DSM. In comparison, there is still much controversy surrounding ADHD in adults (aADHD), despite the fact that almost 50 to 70% of people diagnosed with childhood ADHD continue to manifest symptoms in adulthood. Research indicates that aADHD manifests differently to childhood ADHD, in that the core symptom is inattention and not hyperactivity. Research also indicates that there is a high comorbidity between aADHD and substance dependence, including nicotine dependence. It is hypothesized that these individuals present with hypodopamine, and nicotine acts on a number of neurotransmitter pathways, including the dopaminergic and acetylcholinergic pathways, effectively stimulating the release of dopamine. Whilst there is considerable literature on nicotine and ADHD, there is a complete lack of literature on the relationship between aADHD and Hookah Pipe smoking. This study aimed to rectify this situation. The present study was conducted with two major purposes in mind: (1) to investigate the relationship between Hookah Pipe smoking and its effects on attention and concentration in young adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptomatology, and (2) to demonstrate whether Hookah has a greater effect than cigarettes (as Hookah reportedly has higher concentrations of nicotine than cigarettes). A total sample of 39 participants (14 males, 35 females) aged 18 to 26 years was recruited and divided into the following six groups using the ASRS, the Burke-Austin Self-Report ADHD Questionnaire and a substance abuse questionnaire as screening tools: ADHD (Hookah), ADHD (Nicotine), ADHD (Non-Smoking), Non-ADHD (Hookah), Non-ADHD (Nicotine) and Non-ADHD (Non-Smoking). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental research design was used, whereby the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) ADHD Battery was administered across three test conditions, with a seven minute intervention between the pre- and post-intervention, and a 90 minute waiting period between the immediate and intermediate post-intervention, so as to test the effects of the nicotine as it neared its elimination half-life of two hours.

Chitin is a polysaccharide derived from the shell of crustaceans. Chitosan is a deacylated chitin derivative and ChitoRich™ is a chitosan-based formulation. Chitosan is known to inhibit dietary fat absorption. ChitoRich™ and chitosan were evaluated for their ability to control fat absorption in growing rats. Forty-eight rats (about 150 g) were fed for 4 weeks on 12 different diets containing two levels of vegetable shortening (15 and 5%) and fiber (5 and 2.5%) with cellulose, chitosan, or ChitoRich™ as the dietary fiber sources. Rats fed ChitoRich™ ate less and gained less body weight than rats fed the other fiber sources. Rats fed ChitoRich™ adapted over time; thus, the weight control effect was not significant during the third and fourth weeks. Feed efficiency of the rats fed ChitoRich™ was lower than that seen in rats fed the other fibers, indicating that calories from a higher percent of absorbed macronutrients were required to maintain their bodies. Apparent fat digest (AFD) was lower in rats fed the ChitoRich™ than in the rats fed cellulose. The reduction of AFD was not as great as that seen by other researchers, possibly due to the low solubility and high viscosity of shortening, compared to corn oil. AFD of the rats fed ChitoRich™ increased over time, suggesting an adaptation to ChitoRich&trad;. Apparent protein digestibility (APD), apparent Ca digestibility (ACaD), and weight gain per unit of protein intake were less in the rats fed ChitoRich™ than in the other fiber-fed groups. ChitoRich™-fed rats had retarded body weight gain, reduced levels of serum albumin, total liver lipids, and epididymal fat weight when compared to the other fiber groups, possibly due to the reduced caloric intake, FD, and APD. Serum cholesterol level was not affected by the fiber source. Liver iron and zinc concentrations were not different among fiber sources, indicating that chitosan and ChitoRich™ may not inhibit the absorption of trace minerals. Liver retinol concentration in the ChitoRich™-fed rats was higher than in the cellulose- or chitosan-fed groups, possibly due to the antioxidant effect of ascorbic acid. All rats were free of microscopic lesions, suggesting that chitosan and ChitoRich™ are safe sources of dietary fiber under these dietary conditions. ChitoRich™ is effective for reducing dietary fat absorption and body weight gain.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Pharmacology / Master / Master of Philosophy

This study concerned the effect of ethanol on cardiac activity and brain respiration in chick embryos. Ethanol dosages tested ranged from 1.0 mg to 4.0 mg/g weight. Each experiment lasted at least 150 minutes. Cardiac activity in terms of total waveform energies was integrated and printed out for plotting and analysis. The embryonic heart rates were simultaneously determined from physical graph tracings. The embryonic brain respiration was measured using a differential microrespirometer. The effect of ethanol on cardiac activity was one of slight (10 to 13), but statistically significant (p<.05) rate depression. The brain slices exhibited a marked, immediate, and irreversible decrease (39 to 89%) in oxygen consumption at both ethanol dosages. The data indicated that chick embryonic brain tissues were more susceptible to alcohol effects than cardiac tissue. Therefore, the mental abnormalities seen in the offspring of alcoholic mothers may be more cerebral in nature than cardiovascular.

Atualmente a soja é uma das principais culturas de interesse econômico cultivadas no Brasil, sendo que o país configura como o segundo maior produtor da oleaginosa, ficando atrás apenas da produção obtida pelos Estados Unidos da América. Para se proteger essa alta produtividade e manter o Brasil em um cenário econômico competitivo, os produtores brasileiros utilizam diversos defensivos agrícolas. Destes, os fungicidas são principalmente utilizados de maneira preventiva, ou seja, sem a presença do patógeno alvo, isso ocorre principalemnte devido ao modo de ação dos princípios ativos disponíveis comercialmente na atualidade. Essa utilização preferencial de fungicidas de maneira preventiva, fez com que crescesce também o interesse pelo estudo dos efeitos, sejam eles positivos ou negativos, na fisiologia e bioquímica das plantas cultivadas. O presente experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação no município de Holambra-SP, tendo por objetivo avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos provocados pela aplicação dos fungicidas benzovindiflupir+azoxistrobina (STL+AZT) e protioconazol+trifloxistrobina (PTZ+TFS), na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados contando com seis repetições cada. Os tratamentos com fungicidas utilizados foram: [T1] controle (testemunha); [T2] plantas que receberam aplicação de STL+AZT (30 + 60 g de ingrediente ativo por hectare), com adição do adjuvante Nimbus a 600 ml por hectare, conforme recomendação do fabricante; [T3] plantas que receberam aplicação de PTZ+TFS (70 + 60 g de ingradiente ativo por hectare), com adição do adjuvante Aureo a 400 ml por hectare, confrome recomendação do fabricante. Foram realizadas duas aplicações, sendo a primeira 42 dias após a emergência das plantas, quando estas se encontravam na fase de início de florescimento (R1) e a segunda com 15 dias de intervalo da primeira. Os tratamentos foram avaliados atraves de trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a e enzimas do sistema antioxidante. Não foram observadas alterações significativas na eficiência quântica potencial (Fv/Fm) e eficiência quântica máxima (Fv\'/Fm\') do fotossistema II (PSII) para nenhum dos fungicidas testados. Entretanto observou-se que a utilização de PTZ+TFS reduziu de maneira significativa no rendimento quântico efetivo do PSII (&Phi;PSII), na taxa aparente de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e na proporção de centro de reações do PSII \"abertos\" (qP), sendo que reduções na condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E), taxa de assimilação de CO2 (A) e na velocidade máxima de carboxilação da rubisco (Vcmáx) também foram observadas quando se aplicou esse fungicida. Além das reduções observadas, constatou-se também que esse fungicida provoca uma elevação da temperatura foliar (Tf). Além dessas alterações fotoquímicas, foi também observado um aumento da atividade das enzimas dismutase da superoxido (SOD) e glutationa redutase (GR). Em contrapartida a utilização de STL+AZT aumentou &Phi;PSII, ETR e qP, assim como elevação em gs, E, Vcmáx e consequentemente em A também foram observados. / Currently soybean is one of the main crops of economic interest cultivated in Brazil, and the country is the second largest producer of this oilseed, behind only of the production obtained by the United States of America. In order to protect this high productivity and keep Brazil in a competitive economic scenario, brazilian growers use several agricultural pesticides. Among these pesticides, fungicides are mainly used in a preventative way, that is, without the presence of the target pathogen, this is mainly due to the mode of action of the currently commercially available active ingredients. This preferential use of preventative fungicides has also increased the interest in studying the effects, whether positive or negative, on the physiology and biochemistry of cultivated plants. The present experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the municipality of Holambra-SP, Brazil, to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of the fungicides benzovindiflupir + azoxystrobin (STL+AZT) and prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin (PTZ +TFS) on soybeans. The experimental design was a randomized block design with six replicates each. The treatments with fungicides used were: [T1] control (control); [T2] plants receiving STL + AZT (30 + 60 g of active ingredient per hectare), with addition of the Nimbus adjuvant at 600 ml per hectare, according to the manufacturer\'s recommendation; [T3] plants receiving PTZ + TFS (70 + 60 g active in per hectare), with addition of the Aureo adjuvant at 400 ml per hectare, according to the manufacturer\'s recommendation. Two applications were performed, the first was 42 days after the emergence of the plants when they were in the begning of flowering (R1) and the second after 15 days of the first one. The treatments were evaluated through gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant system enzymes. No significant changes were observed in the potential quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the maximum quantum efficiency (Fv\'/Fm\') of photosystem II (PSII) for none of the fungicides tested. However, it was observed that the use of PTZ+TFS significantly reduced the effective quantum yield of PSII (&Phi;PSII), the apparent electron transport rate (ETR) , and reductions in stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), CO2 assimilation rate (A) and the maximum rate of carboxylation of rubisco (Vcmáx) were also observed when applying this fungicide. In addition to the observed reductions, it was also verified that this fungicide causes a rise in leaf temperature (Tf). In addition to these photochemical alterations, an increased activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) was also observed. In contrast, the use of STL + AZT increased &Phi;PSII, ETR and qP, as well as elevation in gs, E, Vcmax and consequently in A were also observed.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-240). Explores alternate strategies that may alter inflammatory cytokine production, particularly tumour necrosis factor đ [tumor necrosis factor-alpha], and therefore provide a possible treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.

No description available.

This study examined the metabolic and thermal responses of 14 firefighters during four repeated work bouts of treadmill exercise in a thermoneutral laboratory, working at an intensity similar to typical firefighting tasks (30-34 ml·kg-1·min-1), while wearing firefighting protective equipment and breathing from a self-contained breathing apparatus. Each work bout consisted of treadmill walking at 93.8 m·min-1 and 8% grade for 8 min followed by 4 min of passive rest. Oxygen consumption remained unchanged between all four work bouts (p>0.05). Ventilation increased significantly (p<0.05) during the first three work bouts from 57.1 (±3.1) to 68.7 (±2.7) L·min-1. Percent heart rate reserve increased significantly (p<0.05) during each work bout, from 76.0 (±1.8) % HRR during the first to 97.2 (±1.1) % HRR during the fourth work bout. Core temperature increased significantly (p<0.05) during each work bout from 36.87 (±0.07) to 38.87 (±0.10) °C from the first to the fourth work bout, as did some of the psychophysiological measures.

"This research aimed to explore and better understand intervention protocols and their effect on lower limb control associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. A fundamental and unique aspect of this investigation was to establish a lab-based testing protocol that successfully mimicked actual game play. [...]This research validated a lab-based measure that best mimicked game-play to use as a pre- and post- testing measure for two common methods used in current ACL intervention strategies. In addition, further understanding of the effects of a landing training and dynamic balance training program were found." / Doctor of Philosphy