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Temporal changes in the environmental conditions upon which life depend are ubiquitous in nature, acting at every level of organisation from cells to ecosystems. Although the actions themselves are often poorly understood, they strongly depend on the temporal and hierarchical (organisational) scales at which they are measured; ecosystems are relatively stable through time while their species composition may undergo vast changes. Likewise any hierarchical level may be relatively stable in the short-term, but undergo vast long-term changes. This thesis aims to better understand the importance of these scales for mediating the impact of environmental variability on ecological systems. / The approach used herein employs both mathematical models and empirical data which represent food webs responding to environmental variability at different hierarchical scales. Within each of these representative food webs, the influence of environmental variability on the stability of the food web is determined using an approach which accounts for the effects of temporal scale. This thesis demonstrates that the stability of simple model food webs (high hierarchical scale) is tightly linked to environmental variability and the temporal scales at which these changes occur dictate which species in the model are most affected. At lower scales of organisation, empirical data indicate that environmental variability generally has a lesser impact on stability and that only certain temporal scales are responsible for this trend. At these temporal scales some species respond differently to environmental variability, negative changes in one species (or group) are offset by positive changes in another - a process known as compensation. These results highlight the importance of both temporal and hierarchical scale in mediating the response of food webs to environmental variability. Ultimately, they will serve to better understand how models and experiments should scale-up from low to high hierarchical and temporal scales.