• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 3
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The biocultural ecology of Piaroa shamanic practice

Rodd, Robin January 2005 (has links)
This thesis presents an analysis of Piaroa shamanic practices that combines elements of symbolic, psychobiological and phenomenological approaches. Theories from, and clinical findings in, neuroscience, pharmacology, psychology and psychoneuroimmunology are integrated with extended participant observation field study involving basic shamanic training to demonstrate how Piaroa shamans learn to understand and effect biopsychosocial adaptation and promote health. It is argued that Piaroa shamanism is a sophisticated means of interpreting ecological forces and emotional processes in the interests of minimising stress across related systems: self, society, ecosystem, and cosmos. Piaroa shamans should be cadres in the promotion of an ethos, the good life of tranquillity, which serves as the basis for low-stress social relations. Piaroa mythology is predicated upon human-animal-god reciprocity and provides the shaman with a series of informationprocessing templates, designed to be invoked with the use of hallucinogens, which assist him to understand inter-systemic relations. I analyse how Piaroa shamans develop the psychic skills to divine and regulate ecological relationships and emotional processes, while highlighting possible relationships among native symbolism, neurology, consciousness and the emotions. It is argued that Piaroa shamanic practices involve conditioning the mind to achieve optimal perceptive capacities that, in association with sensitive biopsychosocial study, facilitate accurate prediction and successful psychosocial prescription. A cultural neurophenomenological approach enables articulation of the psychocultural logic of ethos, epistemology, divination, sorcery, and curing, and a fuller picture of a South American indigenous society’s shamanic practices than less integrative approaches have afforded
2

Ecological drivers of tree diversity and ecosystem functioning during succession in Amazon: forest resilience after indigenous shifting cultivation

Villa, Pedro Manuel 05 April 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2018-08-14T17:36:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3902930 bytes, checksum: 31f39024e5a42e2fdd5858bf9c02e292 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:36:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3902930 bytes, checksum: 31f39024e5a42e2fdd5858bf9c02e292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A floresta Amazônica vem sendo ameaçada pelas mudanças no uso da terra para a expansão da fronteira agrícola, provocando uma simplificação taxonômica e funcional, e em consequência gerando impactos negativos na relação da biodiversidade e funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Assim, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos dos modeladores ecológicos sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional (alfa e beta) e sua relação com funcionamento ecossitêmico durante a sucessão secundária de uma floresta Amazônica, no estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Por este motivo, esta pesquisa foi dividida em sete capítulos, dois capítulos para descrever os efeitos do padrão de uso da terra sobre a recuperação da diversidade e perda da resiliência florestal, dois capítulos para explicar os efeitos dos modeladores ambientais e antropogênicos sobre a diversidade taxonômica e funcional (alfa e beta) e os efeitos sobre o funcionamento ecossitêmico durante a sucessão, e três capítulos como recomendações para o manejo e conservação de florestas da Amazônia. Utilizamos dados de inventário de plantas de 63 parcelas (1000 m 2 , 20 x 50 m) em seis locais com florestas secundárias de cinco e 10 anos de regeneração depois de um até seis ciclos de agricultura itinerante para avaliar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de uso da terra, bem como a fertilidade do solo na recuperação da diversidade e estrutura da floresta. Também analisamos as mudanças na diversidade e composição das espécies arbóreas após um único ciclo de agricultura itinerante, utilizando dados de 45 parcelas distribuidas em quatro florestas secundárias (5, 10, 15, e 20 anos de idade após do cultivo) e uma floresta madura (> 100 anos). Dentro de cada área de amostragem se estabeleceram três parcelas de 1000 m 2 (20 x 50 m para árvores com DAP > 5 cm). Em cada área foi coletada uma amostra de solo a diferentes profundidades (0-10 cm, 10-30 cm). Assim, analisamos padrões ecológicos e modeladores ambientais da diversidade taxonômica e funcional (alfa e beta), e os efeitos do tempo de sucessão e qualidade do solo (fertilidade e textura) sobre a estocagem de biomassa acima do solo através da diversidade funcional e dominância funcional durante a sucessão secundária. Usamos diferentes métodos estatísticos e tipos de modelos para testar estas relações ecológicas. Neste estudo, demostramos como a intensidade do uso da terra induz uma perda de resiliência florestal, de forma contrária se evidencia que com disturbios intermediários depois de um único ciclo de agricultura ocorre uma rápida recuperação da diversidade, atingindo aproximadamente um 70% da riqueza de uma floresta madura depois de 20 anos. No entanto, a recuperação da composição das espécies nesse mesmo período atingiu uma média de 25% em relação à floresta madura. Nosso estudo mostra que a diversidade beta explica até 70% da variação na riqueza total de espécies entre os sítios, provavelmente devido a que as manchas desmatadas estão inseridas dentro de uma matriz de floresta madura. Este contexto ecológico também justifica o elevado turnover taxonômico durante a sucessão. Assim, a diversidade funcional foi menor do que a diversidade beta taxonômica, provavelmente devido a um menor turnover funcional em comparação com o turnover taxonômico. Nossos resultados proporcionam importantes evidências sobre relação biodiversidade-função ecossistêmica durante a sucessão secundária de uma floresta tropical Assim, os modelos de equação estruturais testados sobre dominância funcional e diversidade funcional, permitiram explicar variações na biomassa acima do solo de forma individual. O tempo de sucessão foi o melhor preditor para explicar variações da biomassa acima do solo em todos os modelos SEM explorados, seguidamente da textura solo que teve afeitos significativos positivos sobre a biomassa acima do solo, em comparação à fertilidade do solo que apresentou efeitos negativos e não significativos. Nosso estudo contribui no entendimento da relação BEF ao longo da sucessão secundária, e pode ajudar a predizer como as florestas tropicais respondarão aos cenários futuros de mudanças climáticas. Por esse motivo, discutimos que para aumentar a eficiência na implementação de estratégias REDD+ em florestas da Amazônia, é necessário compreender simultaneamente a relação de padrões e processos dos ecossistemas florestais com o sistema sócio-ecológico, através da análise de preditores biofísicos e antropogênicos, a partir de um nível local para uma escala regional. / The Amazon forest is being threatened by land use changes for the agricultural expansion, causing a taxonomic and functional simplification, and consequently generating negative impacts on the relation of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Thus, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of ecological drivers on taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta) and their relationship with ecosystem functioning during the secondary succession of an Amazon forest, in Amazonas state, Venezuela. For this reason, this research was divided into seven chapters, two chapters to describe the effects of the land use pattern on the recovery of diversity and loss of forest resilience, two chapters to explain the effects of environmental and anthropogenic drivers on taxonomic diversity and functional (alpha and beta) and effects on ecosystem functioning during the succession, and three chapters as recommendations for the management and conservation of Amazonian forests. We used plant inventory data from 63 plots (1000 m 2 , 20 x 50 m) at six sites with five and 10 year regeneration secondary forests after one to six cycles of shifting cultivation to evaluate the effect of different intensities of use land, as well as soil fertility in the recovery of forest diversity and structure. We also analyzed changes in the diversity and composition of tree species after a single cycle of shifting cultivation, using data from 45 plots distributed in four secondary forests (5, 10, 15, and 20 years old after cultivation) and a mature forest (> 100 years). Within each sampling area three plots of 1000 m2 (20 x 50 m for trees with DBH> 5 cm) were established. In each area a soil sample was collected at different depths (0-10 cm). Thus, we analyzed ecological and environmental drivers and patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity (alpha and beta), and the effects of stand age and soil quality (fertility and texture) on the storage of above-ground biomass through functional diversity and functional dominance during the secondary succession. We use different statistical methods and types of models to test these ecological relationships. In this study, we show how the intensity of land use induces a loss of forest resilience. On the contrary, it is evident that with intermediate disturbances after a single cycle of agriculture a rapid recovery of diversity occurs, reaching 70% of the richness of one mature forest after 20 years. However, the recovery of the species composition in the same period reached an average of 25% in relation to the mature forest. Our study shows that beta diversity accounts for up to 70% of the variation in total species richness among sites, probably because deforested patches are embedded within a mature forest matrix. This ecological context also justifies the high taxonomic turnover during the succession. Thus, the functional diversity was lower than the taxonomic beta diversity, probably due to a lower functional turnover in comparison to the taxonomic turnover. Our results provide important evidence on the relation between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) during the secondary succession of a tropical forest. Thus, the structural equation models (SEM) tested on functional dominance and functional diversity allowed to explain variations in the above-ground biomass individually. The succession time was the best predictor to explain above- ground biomass variations in all SEM models, followed by soil texture that had significant positive effects on above-ground biomass compared to soil fertility that had negative effects and not significant. Our study contributes to the understanding of the BEF relationship throughout the secondary succession, and may help predict how tropical forests will respond to future scenarios of climate change. For this reason, we have argued that in order to increase the efficiency in the implementation of REDD+ strategies in Amazonian forests, it is necessary to simultaneously understand the relationship of patterns and processes of forest ecosystems with the socio-ecological system, through the analysis of biophysical and anthropogenic predictors, from a local level to a regional scale. / Tese não possui título em português.
3

The Mako language : vitality, Grammar and Classification / La langue Mako : vitalité, grammaire et classification

Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio 15 April 2015 (has links)
Ce projet vise la documentation et la description du mako, une langue autochtone parlée par environ 1200 personnes dans l’Amazonie vénézuélienne et pour laquelle le seul matériel accessible à date se limite à 38 mots. L’objectif principal est de créer une collection de textes ethnographiques annotés et, à long terme, une grammaire de la langue qui puisse servir comme point de départ pour des activités d’appui au maintien de la langue dans la communauté et pour avancer la recherche linguistique. Un objectif secondaire est d’établir le degré de vitalité de la langue telle que parlée chez les différentes communautés mako. Cette recherche mènera à une description des différents aspects de la grammaire de la langue, par exemple sa phonologie, sa morphologie et sa syntaxe. En plus de contribuer à l’étude et description des autres membres de la famille linguistique sáliba et à la reconstruction de leur proto-langue commune, les données du mako contribueront aussi à des discussions sur comment le langage fonctionne et seront donc un apport précieux pour la théorie linguistique. Cette recherche fera avancer la théorie de la documentation des langues et pourra donc faciliter les efforts de documentation et maintien des langues d’autres communautés indigènes. Le projet constitue une application du modèle de travail de terrain Community-Based Language Research. / This dissertation focuses on the documentation and description of Mako, an indigenous language spoken in the Venezuelan Amazon by about 1000 people and for which the only available published material at the start of the project were 38 words. The main goals of the project were to create a collection of annotated ethnographic texts and a grammar that could serve as a starting point for both language maintenance in the community and for further linguistic research. Additionally, the project sought to assess the language’s vitality in the communities where it is spoken and to understand the relationship of Mako to the two other extant Sáliban languages, namely Piaroa and Sáliba.This research has thus led to an assessment of language vitality in the Mako communities of the Ventuari River, a comprehensive description of the Mako language—heretofore undescribed—, and an evaluation of the genetic relationship between the three Sáliban languages. The description of the language covers a wide range of topics in areas such as phonetics and phonology, nominal and verbal morphology, and syntax of both simple and complex sentences. Discourse-level morphology and discourse-organization strategies are also covered. Aside from facilitating the study of other members of the Sáliban family and reconstruction of the common ancestral language, the description of Mako also contributes to the typology of Amazonian languages and to our understanding of the pre-history of this area of the Orinoco basin. The products of this project also have the potential to be mobilized in language literacy efforts in the Mako communities.

Page generated in 0.0345 seconds