Antecedentes: El virus Encefalomiocarditis (V-EMC) pertenece al género Cardiovirus; familia Picornaviridae. El virus EMC infecta muchas especies de animales incluyendo cerdos, roedores, ganado vacuno, elefantes, mapaches, marsupiales y primates como monos, chimpancés y humanos. Ratas y ratones son hospederos naturales del virus y pasa a otras especies por transmisión fecal-oral. En roedores, V-EMC causa lesiones en el corazón, páncreas, sistema nervioso central. Objetivos: En el presente trabajo se presento el rol potencial que juegan lo roedores como reservorios en la transmisión del virus EMC en el Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Muestras sanguíneas de 497 roedores pertenecientes a 23 especies (298 Murinae y 199 Sigmodontinae) capturados en 10 diferentes departamentos del Perú. Cada muestra sanguínea fue procesada para buscar anticuerpos de tipo IgG contra V-EMC mediante el Ensayo Inmuno Enzimático (EIA) usando antígenos preparados del virus recuperado de uno de los casos humanos en el Perú (IQD 7626). Los positivos fueron evaluados por la técnica de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Resultados: de los 497 roedores, un total de 30 muestras de 5 especies fueron positivas: 4 (29%) de 14 Rattus norvegicus, seguido por 19 (13%) de 151 R. rattus, 5(4%) de 133 Mus musculus, 1 (3.8%) de 26 Phyllotis limatus y 1 (4%) de 25 Akodon molli. Los roedores positivos hallados fueron en los departamentos: Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Tacna, Tumbes y Piura. Solo 2 de 199 roedores del Nuevo mundo evaluados mostraron evidencia de infección con V-EMC. / Antecedents: Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) belongs to the genus Cardiovirus; family Picornaviridae. The EMC virus infects many animal species including pigs, rodents, cattle, elephants, raccoons, marsupials, and primates such as baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. Rats and mice are the natural hosts of the virus, passing the virus to other species through fecal-oral transmission. In rodents, EMCV causes lesions in the heart, pancreas and central nervous system. Objectives: Herein is presented findings from our investigation of the potential role played by rodents as a reservoir for the transmission of the EMC virus in Peru. Materials and methods: We tested serum from 497 rodents representing 23 species (298 Murinae and 199 Sigmodontinae) captured from 10 different departments of Peru. Each serum specimen was tested for IgG class antibodies to ECMV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using antigen prepared from virus recovered from a human case (IQD 6726). All positives were evaluated by PCR test. Results: From 497 rodents a total of 30 sera from 5 species were positive: 4 (29%) of 14 Rattus norvegicus, followed by 19 (13%) of 151 R. rattus, 5(4%) of 133 Mus musculus, 1 (3.8%) of 26 Phyllotis limatus and 1 (4%) of 25 Akodon molli. Positive rodents were collected from 7 departments: Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Tacna, Tumbes and Piura. Only 2 of the 199 New-world rodents tested showed evidence of EMCV infection.

Several viruses from different virus families are known to cause ocular infections, e.g. members of the Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae and the Herpesviridae families. These infections are spread by contact and in the case of adenoviruses (Ads) and picornaviruses they are also highly contagious. The ocular infections caused by Ads and picornaviruses are called epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), respectively. Historically, EKC is caused mainly by three types of Ads from species D: Ad8, Ad19 and Ad37. The infection is characterized by keratitis and conjunctivitis but also involves pain, edema, lacrimation and blurred vision. AHC is caused mainly by two types of picornaviruses: coxsackievirus A24v (CVA24v) and enterovirus 70 (EV70), and is characterized by pain, redness, excessive tearing, swelling and subconjunctival hemorrhages. In addition, blurred vision, keratitis, malaise, myalgia, fever, headache and upper respiratory tract symptoms can also be experienced. Both infections are problematic in many parts of the world, affecting millions of people every year. Despite the great need, the only treatment available today is supportive treatment; no antiviral drugs are available to combat these common viral infections. Ad37 has previously been reported to use sialic acid (SA) as its cellular receptor. Since there is no antiviral treatment available against EKC we wanted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of SA-based antiviral compounds on Ad37 binding to and infection of ocular cells. We found that multivalent compounds consisting of SA linked to a globular carrier molecule, in this case human serum albumin, efficiently blocked Ad37 binding and infection at low concentrations. Further attempts were then made to improve the effect by chemically modifying SA monosaccharides. However, no enhanced inhibitory effect was accomplished and the conclusion was that the best inhibitors are based on unmodified SA. We next hypothesized that development of efficient SA-based binding inhibitors may require detailed knowledge about the structure of the SA-containing receptor. Using a battery of biological and biochemical experiments, including glycan array, binding and infection assays, X-ray crystallography and surface plasmon resonance (SPR); we identified a specific glycan involved in the binding and infection of Ad37. This glycan turned out to be a branched, di-SA-containing motif corresponding to the glycan motif of the ganglioside GD1a. However, the ganglioside itself did not function as a cellular receptor, as shown by a number of binding and infection assays. Instead, the receptor consisted of one or more glycoproteins that contain the GD1a glycan motif. This glycan docked with both its SAs into the trimeric Ad37 knob resulting in a very strong interaction as compared to most other protein-glycan interactions. Hopefully, this finding will aid development of more potent inhibitors of Ad37 binding and infection. The receptor for CVA24v, one of the main causative agents of AHC, has been unknown until now. We showed that this ocular virus, like Ad37, is also able to use SA as a receptor on corneal cells but not on conjunctival cells. This suggested that CVA24v may use two different receptors. As for Ad37, the receptor used by CVA24v on corneal cells also appears to be one or more sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. We believe that these findings may be a starting point for design and development of candidate drugs for topical treatment of AHC.

Antecedentes: El virus Encefalomiocarditis (V-EMC) pertenece al género Cardiovirus; familia Picornaviridae. El virus EMC infecta muchas especies de animales incluyendo cerdos, roedores, ganado vacuno, elefantes, mapaches, marsupiales y primates como monos, chimpancés y humanos. Ratas y ratones son hospederos naturales del virus y pasa a otras especies por transmisión fecal-oral. En roedores, V-EMC causa lesiones en el corazón, páncreas, sistema nervioso central. Objetivos: En el presente trabajo se presento el rol potencial que juegan lo roedores como reservorios en la transmisión del virus EMC en el Perú. Materiales y Métodos: Muestras sanguíneas de 497 roedores pertenecientes a 23 especies (298 Murinae y 199 Sigmodontinae) capturados en 10 diferentes departamentos del Perú. Cada muestra sanguínea fue procesada para buscar anticuerpos de tipo IgG contra V-EMC mediante el Ensayo Inmuno Enzimático (EIA) usando antígenos preparados del virus recuperado de uno de los casos humanos en el Perú (IQD 7626). Los positivos fueron evaluados por la técnica de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Resultados: de los 497 roedores, un total de 30 muestras de 5 especies fueron positivas: 4 (29%) de 14 Rattus norvegicus, seguido por 19 (13%) de 151 R. rattus, 5(4%) de 133 Mus musculus, 1 (3.8%) de 26 Phyllotis limatus y 1 (4%) de 25 Akodon molli. Los roedores positivos hallados fueron en los departamentos: Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Tacna, Tumbes y Piura. Solo 2 de 199 roedores del Nuevo mundo evaluados mostraron evidencia de infección con V-EMC. / Antecedents: Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) belongs to the genus Cardiovirus; family Picornaviridae. The EMC virus infects many animal species including pigs, rodents, cattle, elephants, raccoons, marsupials, and primates such as baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. Rats and mice are the natural hosts of the virus, passing the virus to other species through fecal-oral transmission. In rodents, EMCV causes lesions in the heart, pancreas and central nervous system. Objectives: Herein is presented findings from our investigation of the potential role played by rodents as a reservoir for the transmission of the EMC virus in Peru. Materials and methods: We tested serum from 497 rodents representing 23 species (298 Murinae and 199 Sigmodontinae) captured from 10 different departments of Peru. Each serum specimen was tested for IgG class antibodies to ECMV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using antigen prepared from virus recovered from a human case (IQD 6726). All positives were evaluated by PCR test. Results: From 497 rodents a total of 30 sera from 5 species were positive: 4 (29%) of 14 Rattus norvegicus, followed by 19 (13%) of 151 R. rattus, 5(4%) of 133 Mus musculus, 1 (3.8%) of 26 Phyllotis limatus and 1 (4%) of 25 Akodon molli. Positive rodents were collected from 7 departments: Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Tacna, Tumbes and Piura. Only 2 of the 199 New-world rodents tested showed evidence of EMCV infection. / Tesis

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