Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / In human populations, perturbed growth in early life and ageing have been identified as risk factors for the development of Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). The consequences of restricted prenatal growth on postnatal function have been investigated using numerous experimental models of intrauterine growth retardation, mainly in the rat. These studies have shown that some, but not all, aspects of postnatal function that are programmed in humans are also programmed in the rat. This study was designed to determine whether IRS develops with increasing age in the guinea pig as it does in the human and whether the development of the syndrome is more pronounced in aged offspring which have undergone spontaneous fetal growth restriction and accelerated growth in the neonatal period. It appeared that the guinea pig is a suitable animal model of ageing, displaying many of the metabolic, cardiovascular and anthropometric changes seen in humans. Furthermore, the effects of perturbed prenatal and early postnatal growth on the development of IRS in the aged guinea pig exhibit a sexually dimorphic pattern. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297545 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2007

Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / In human populations, perturbed growth in early life and ageing have been identified as risk factors for the development of Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). The consequences of restricted prenatal growth on postnatal function have been investigated using numerous experimental models of intrauterine growth retardation, mainly in the rat. These studies have shown that some, but not all, aspects of postnatal function that are programmed in humans are also programmed in the rat. This study was designed to determine whether IRS develops with increasing age in the guinea pig as it does in the human and whether the development of the syndrome is more pronounced in aged offspring which have undergone spontaneous fetal growth restriction and accelerated growth in the neonatal period. It appeared that the guinea pig is a suitable animal model of ageing, displaying many of the metabolic, cardiovascular and anthropometric changes seen in humans. Furthermore, the effects of perturbed prenatal and early postnatal growth on the development of IRS in the aged guinea pig exhibit a sexually dimorphic pattern. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1297545 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2007

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The state of diseases in South African domestic pigs drastically changed when Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was introduced in the Western Cape Province during 2004 and was followed by an outbreak of Classical swine fever (CSF), primarily in the Eastern Cape, in 2005. These outbreaks occurred mostly in rural and backyard pig populations. Subsequent to an intensive culling operation, it became necessary to implement country-wide surveillance to substantiate that freedom from these two diseases had been achieved. Samples for a country-wide cross-sectional study were collected from commercial and non-commercial pig establishments in a combined effort between the South African Pig Producers Organisation (SAPPO) and the National and Provincial Departments of Agriculture, Veterinary Services. The survey targeted the high-risk sector of the pig population and included rural pig populations, pigs from “grey” herds (commercial farms with inadequate bio-security) and commercial establishments. Samples were also tested for Swine influenza (SI), Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), Aujeszky’s Disease (Aujeszky’s), Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) and African swine fever (ASF). The first objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of the survey design. The second objective was to evaluate the results and, thereafter, make valid inferences regarding the disease status of the domestic pig population. This also included the confidence level of the overall survey. The third objective was to qualify and quantify sample losses to enable improved future survey design and execution. The outcome of the survey indicated that the results were sufficient to conclude that the non-commercial pig population is free from CSF, PRRS and SI at the expected minimum prevalence of 1%. The calculations also indicated that the results were adequate to conclude that the commercial pig population is free from CSF, PRRS and SI at the expected minimum prevalence of 5%. The outcome of the calculations done on the second phase test results allows South Africa to conclude that the non-commercial pig sector is free from FMD, ASF, Aujeszky’s and TGE, at the expected minimum prevalence of 2%. The sample sizes for Aujeszky’s, TGE, ASF and FMD tests in the commercial sector were too small to allow for a decision to be made and, as a result, it was not possible to declare this sector free of disease. However, the non-commercial sector is much larger and the risk of disease introduction higher, therefore, if the non-commercial sector tested negative for the disease, it is highly likely that the commercial sector will be free of the disease as well. It is recommended that passive surveillance be augmented and that a national pig survey be conducted every 3 years to provide proof of disease freedom. It is important to conduct a risk analysis to qualify and quantify the risk of CSF and PRRS introduction. This could improve future surveys by providing a scientific basis for targeted surveillance. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of Acid Buf™ at 4g.k–1 g to a maize-soya bean diet in both pelleted and meal form, on the occurrence of stomach ulcers, performance parameters, carcass characteristics and histological parameters of the small intestine of growing finisher pigs. The trail was done on 320 growing finisher pigs fed for 8 weeks. The four treatments (Tr) were as follows: Tr1 – pelleted, Tr2 – meal, Tr3- pelleted with Acid Buf™ at 4g.kg-1, Tr4 –meal with Acid Buf™ at 4g.kg-1. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed for cumulative feed intake between the different treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed significant differences with the pigs on the meal diet faring significantly (P<0.05) worse than those the pelleted diet containing Acid Buf™. The average daily gain (ADG) on Tr3 was significantly better (P<0.05) than those on the meal diets. Overall the performance parameters showed a positive response to the inclusion of Acid Buf™. With regards to changes in the intestinal pH, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between the different treatments for pH in the stomach, duodenum and colon. The pH in the stomach was closest to optimal with Tr3m and Tr4. The pH in the duodenum was highest and closest to optimum with Tr4. Scoring of stomachs revealed that the highest percentage of normal stomachs was found in pigs on Tr4, with 64.1% of the stomachs being normal,57.1% was the second highest percentage of normal stomachs and was found with Tr3, pelleted with AB. Carcass scoring showed no significant differences (P>0.05) between the different treatments. The mean villi height to crypt depth ratio (VH: CD) in the jejunum showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between Tr1 and Tr3. The pigs on the pelleted diet had VH: CD of 0.89 while those on the pelleted diet with AB a VH: CD of 1.28. The average villi height measured in both the duodenum and the jejunum was higher in both of the pelleted diets compared to the meal diet and the meal with AB diet. The results of the different experiments conducted to evaluate the effect of AB all showed improved results with the inclusion of AB to the diet. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van die insluiting van Acid Buf™(AB) teen 4g.kg-1 in 'n mielie-sojaboondieët in beide verpilde- en meelvorm, op die voorkoms van maagsere, groei parameters, karkaseienskappe en histologiese parameters van die dunderm in groeivarke te bepaal. Die studie is vir agt weke op 320 groei varke uitgevoeroor. Die vier behandelings (Tr) was soosvolg: Tr1 - verpil, Tr2 - meel, tr3- verpil met Acid Buf™ teen 0,4% ingesluit, Tr4 – meel metAcid Buf™ teen 0,4% ingesluit. Daar was geen beduidende verskille (P> 0.05) in die kumulatiewe voerinname tussen die verskillende behandelings waargeneem nie. Voeromsetverhouding (VOV) op die meel diet (Tr4) het beduidend swakker gevaar (P<0.05) as die varke op Tr3. Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) van die varke op Tr3 was aansienlik beter (P<0.05) as die van die varke op Tr2. Met betrekking tot die pH van die spysverteringskanaal was daar beduidende verskille (P>0.05) opgemerk tussen die verskillende behandelings vir pH in die maag, duodenum en kolon. Die pH in die maag was die laagste en naaste aanoptimaal vir die AB dïete . Die pH in die duodenum was die hoogste en naaste aan optimaal met Tr4. Gradering van die mae toon die hoogste persentasie van normale, met 64.1 % van die mae met Tr4 normaal. Die tweede hoogste persentasie was 57.1 % normale mae en was gevind met Tr3, verpil met AB. Karkasgradering het geen beduidende verskille (P>0.05) tussen die verskillende behandlinge getoon nie. Die gemiddelde villi hoogte kryptdiepte verhouding (VH: KD) in die jejenum het beduidende verskille (P<0.05) getoon tussen Tr1 en Tr3. Die verpilde diet (Tr1) het n (VH: KD) van 0.89 getoon en Tr3, die varke op die verpilde diët met AB 1.28. Die gemiddeldie villi hoogte gemeet in beide die duodenum en jejenum was hoër in die beide die verpilde diëte as in die meel diëte. Die resultate van die verskillende eksperimente uitgevoerom die effek van AB teevalueer, toon verbetering met die insluiting van AB in die diët.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_tf_me_botfmvz.pdf: 332026 bytes, checksum: b36d32d75d346e3063434cff130d4fa5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Vários estudos têm demonstrado a associação entre a maior concentração viral do circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) detectado por PCR quantitativa com o desenvolvimento de lesões microscópicas típicas da Síndrome da circovirose suína (SCS). Clinicamente, a SCS é caracterizada principalmente pelo emagrecimento progressivo, acompanhado de dispnéia, aumento de tamanho dos linfonodos, palidez e/ou icterícia das mucosas. A diminuição na taxa de crescimento dos leitões acometidos com a síndrome provoca grave prejuízo econômico para o produtor, o que torna a SCS uma das doenças mais importantes para a suinocultura. Assim, com o objetivo de comparar a concentração viral relativa do circovírus suíno (PCV) com o ganho de peso de leitões provenientes de uma granja comercial com SCS, amostras de sangue total, soro e swab nasal foram analisadas por PCR em tempo real com SYBR® Green I e PCR para o circovírus suíno tipo 1 (PCV1), sendo posteriormente, comparadas entre si para determinação de qual amostra seria mais apropriada para a utilização na PCR em tempo real com SYBR® Green I. Foram colhidas 128 amostras de sangue total, 128 de soro e 128 de swab nasal, as quais foram obtidas de 32 leitões acompanhados na maternidade, creche, recria e crescimento. Através da comparação das concentrações virais relativas do PCV entre as amostras, o sangue total mostrou-se mais apropriado para a PCR em tempo real, seguido do soro. Os swabs nasais não foram considerados apropriados para detecção do PCV pela técnica aplicada, pois o PCV detectado pode representar o vírus sendo eliminado nas secreções nasais e/ou uma contaminação do ambiente. Todas as amostras (n = 107) positivas para PCV por PCR em tempo real foram testadas para PCV1 e resultaram negativas. / Several studies have shown the association among the largest viral concentration of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) detected by quantitative PCR with the development of typical microscopic lesions of Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Clinically, PMWS is characterized by the progressive weigh loss, accompanied of dyspnea, enlargement of limph nodes, paleness and/or jaundice of the mucous membranes. The reduce growth rate of the pigs affected with the PMWS cause serious economical damage, making this disease as one of the most important for swine producing area. Like this, with the objective of comparing the relative viral concentration of the PCV with the weight gain of piglets of a commercial farm with PMWS, samples of total blood, serum and nasal swab were analyzed by real time PCR using SYBR® Green I and PCR for the PCV1, and were compared later amongst themselves for determination of which sample would be more appropriate for quantitative PCR. A total of 128 samples of total blood, 128 of serum and 128 of nasal swab were collected, which were obtained of 32 piglets accompanied at the nursery, grower, and finisher stage. After analyses, total blood was shown more appropriate for real time PCR, following by the serum. The nasal swabs were not considered appropriate for quantifications of PCV because detected PCV can represent the virus being eliminated in the nasal secretions and/or an environment contamination. All of the samples (n = 107) positive for PCV in real time PCR were also tested in PCR for PCV1 with negative results. The comparison between viral concentrations in blood or serum samples and the weights of the piglets, a negative correlation was observed.

Orientador: João Pessoa Araújo Junior / Banca: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Alessandra Marnie M. G. Castro / Resumo: Vários estudos têm demonstrado a associação entre a maior concentração viral do circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) detectado por PCR quantitativa com o desenvolvimento de lesões microscópicas típicas da Síndrome da circovirose suína (SCS). Clinicamente, a SCS é caracterizada principalmente pelo emagrecimento progressivo, acompanhado de dispnéia, aumento de tamanho dos linfonodos, palidez e/ou icterícia das mucosas. A diminuição na taxa de crescimento dos leitões acometidos com a síndrome provoca grave prejuízo econômico para o produtor, o que torna a SCS uma das doenças mais importantes para a suinocultura. Assim, com o objetivo de comparar a concentração viral relativa do circovírus suíno (PCV) com o ganho de peso de leitões provenientes de uma granja comercial com SCS, amostras de sangue total, soro e "swab" nasal foram analisadas por PCR em tempo real com SYBR® Green I e PCR para o circovírus suíno tipo 1 (PCV1), sendo posteriormente, comparadas entre si para determinação de qual amostra seria mais apropriada para a utilização na PCR em tempo real com SYBR® Green I. Foram colhidas 128 amostras de sangue total, 128 de soro e 128 de "swab" nasal, as quais foram obtidas de 32 leitões acompanhados na maternidade, creche, recria e crescimento. Através da comparação das concentrações virais relativas do PCV entre as amostras, o sangue total mostrou-se mais apropriado para a PCR em tempo real, seguido do soro. Os "swabs" nasais não foram considerados apropriados para detecção do PCV pela técnica aplicada, pois o PCV detectado pode representar o vírus sendo eliminado nas secreções nasais e/ou uma contaminação do ambiente. Todas as amostras (n = 107) positivas para PCV por PCR em tempo real foram testadas para PCV1 e resultaram negativas. / Abstract: Several studies have shown the association among the largest viral concentration of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) detected by quantitative PCR with the development of typical microscopic lesions of Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Clinically, PMWS is characterized by the progressive weigh loss, accompanied of dyspnea, enlargement of limph nodes, paleness and/or jaundice of the mucous membranes. The reduce growth rate of the pigs affected with the PMWS cause serious economical damage, making this disease as one of the most important for swine producing area. Like this, with the objective of comparing the relative viral concentration of the PCV with the weight gain of piglets of a commercial farm with PMWS, samples of total blood, serum and nasal swab were analyzed by real time PCR using SYBR® Green I and PCR for the PCV1, and were compared later amongst themselves for determination of which sample would be more appropriate for quantitative PCR. A total of 128 samples of total blood, 128 of serum and 128 of nasal swab were collected, which were obtained of 32 piglets accompanied at the nursery, grower, and finisher stage. After analyses, total blood was shown more appropriate for real time PCR, following by the serum. The nasal swabs were not considered appropriate for quantifications of PCV because detected PCV can represent the virus being eliminated in the nasal secretions and/or an environment contamination. All of the samples (n = 107) positive for PCV in real time PCR were also tested in PCR for PCV1 with negative results. The comparison between viral concentrations in blood or serum samples and the weights of the piglets, a negative correlation was observed. / Mestre