Thèse--Lettres--Lausanne, 1979. / Bibliogr. p. 341-348.

Thèse -- Paris. / At head of title: Faculté de droit de l'Université de Paris. Bibliography: p. [269]-276.

Thèse -- Paris. / At head of title: Faculté de droit de l'Université de Paris. Bibliography: p. [269]-276.

Zugl.: Potsdam, Hochsch. für Film und Fernsehen Konrad Wolf, Masterarbeit, 2008

In this study the dynamic induced velocity field of a model helicopter rotor - excited in collective and cyclic pitch at frequencies extending to 1.5 times the nominal shaft speed - is investigated using mainly hot-wire and laser Doppler anemometry. The dynamic induced velocities are found to vary significantly with radial station and frequency. For cyclic excitations, azimuthal variations are also observed. The results point to the dynamic induced flow being influenced by the distribution of shed vorticity in the wake and cannot be explained using simple momentum theory. Vertical variations of the measured inflow response are also observed, with phase changes possibly partly due to transmission type delays. At frequencies above shaft speed a change in character of the induced flow is seen and around shaft speed an increase in the general level of turbulence is found. The available data on the dynamic induced velocity field of a rotor under controlled excitation, are substantially extended. The measured induced flow response was compared to that predicted using the Pitt and Peters dynamic inflow model. In the 'collective' case good agreement was found, suggesting that the primary inflow model parameters such as the inflow gain and apparent mass are correct with some evidence that a higher order inflow representation might be desirable. A novel method is used to infer the aerodynamic hub loading, which could not be directly measured, from the blade flapping data. This is used to isolate the inflow response using the Pitt and Peters dynamic inflow model and the results are compared with experimental measurements. The method shows the Pitt and Peters dynamic inflow representation to be adequate in the 'collective' case. In the 'cyclic' case, the inferred hub loads were very sensitive to the blade model and hence conclusions for this case are limited. A literature survey and review of the Pitt and Peters dynamic inflow model are also given

Pitt River, 30 km inland from. Vancouver, British Columbia at the southern margin of the Coast Mountains, links Fraser River estuary and Pitt Lake. Salt water seldom extends to within 10 km of Fraser - Pitt confluence; nevertheless, tides modulate Fraser flow and cause Pitt River to fluctuate 2 m and Pitt Lake as much as 1.2 m. There is an upstream movement of sediment in Pitt River from Fraser River, evidenced by identical mineralogy of Pitt River and Fraser River sediments, a decrease in grain size from the Fraser to Pitt Lake, and a predominance of flood-oriented bedforms in the river channel. A delta of 12 km2 area has accumulated at the lower (draining) end of the lake. The purposes of the study were to: (1) examine aspects of the hydrodynamics of Pitt River and Pitt Lake as a tidal system; (2) evaluate the effect of bidirectional flow on river and delta morphology; (3) determine processes of sediment movement in the river and of-sediment dispersal on the delta; and (4) estimate present sedimentation rate on the delta. Water Survey of Canada stage data from 3 locations in the system, used in conjunction with velocity measurements (profiles and tethered meter), revealed large seasonal and tidal variations in discharge. Calculations indicate that flood basal shear stress peaks early in the flow, whereas ebb currents have a lower basal, shear stress which peaks late in the flow. Thus, sediment moves farther forward on a flood flow than it moves back on the succeeding ebb. Studies of the river channel using hydrographic charts revealed regular meanders (^M = 6100. m) and evenly spaced riffles and pools which are scaled to the strongest flow (winter flood current, Qe). Meander point bars are accreting on the "upstream" side indicating deposition by the flood-oriented flow. The three dimensional geometry of the large-scale bedforms which cover the sandy thalweg of both river and delta channel was determined by echo sounding and side-scan sonar. Three distinct sizes (height/spacing = 0.8 m/10-15m; 1.5m/25-30 m; 3 m/50-60 m) of large-scale bedforms (sand waves) were found; their linear-relationship of height vs. spacing (XD) on log-log plot suggests a common genesis. The size appears to be related to channel geometry, not to depth of flow. Largest forms are found in reaches which shallow in the direction of water movement and smallest forms occur on relatively flat topography. The following tentative relationship is suggested for sandy meandering rivers: ^M/^B = Qe. Pitt delta morphology was studied with aerial photos and depth soundings. Its shape is considered an excellent example of sediment diffusion and deposition from a simple jet into a low energy lacustrine environment. Analysis of 190 sediment samples from river, delta, and lake bottom shows the sediment to be polymodal. Graphical partitioning of the cumulative probability plots reveals that sediments are composed of up to 4 log-normal distributions. Each distribution is interpreted as a population related to a process of sediment transport. Five subenvironments in the Pitt system are characterized by unique combinations . of these "process" populations. Cores in the delta topsets and lake bottom sediments reveal silt and clay rhythmites, interpreted as varves. The coarse layers are deposited during winter when discharge of Fraser River is low and tidally induced discharge in Pitt system is high. The fine layers are deposited during spring run-off when additional fines are added to the lake from the Pitt basin. 137Cs dating of sediments shows that as much as 1.8 cm/yr are accumulating in the active portions of the delta with an estimated 150 +/- 20 X 103 tonnes deposited annually. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

L'invention des batteries au lithium (LIBs) a déclenché le déploiement massif de technologies portables et encourage de nos jours l'électrification du transport. Ceci mène au besoin de LIBs avec une densité d'énergie encore plus importante, des temps de recharge plus court, un coût plus faible et une sécurité maximale. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse de doctorat se concentre sur la modélisation présentant un outil pour caractériser et simuler les performances de LIB sous des conditions dynamiques pour des applications de puissance. Un nouveau modèle mathématique représentant l'inertie de transport du lithium avec l'approche de Maxwell-Cattaneo-Vernotte est proposé. L'implication de ce modèle dans la simulation sur la réponse dynamique de LIBs sous des pulsations de courant est exploré. Ce modèle est construit avec une approche multi échelle et démontré pour des matériaux actifs de type graphite pour les électrodes négatives. Tout d'abord, un modèle analytique est développé pour extraire et caractériser la diffusion du lithium ainsi que l'inertie dans le matériau actif de l'expérience de PITT. Les valeurs extraites sont par la suite intégrées dans des modèles de demi-cellule pour calibrer la réponse expérimentale en courant. Une étude comparative des modèles p-2D et 3D réalisés de manière systématique. Les résultats montrent l'implication de la diffusion inter-particule sur la performance de LIB aussi bien que la dynamique onduleuse de transport du lithium dans la phase solide soulignant fortement l'inhomogénéité/anisotropie de la dispersion du lithium dans le graphite à une échelle macroscopique. Finalement, la faisabilité d'intégrer le modèle proposé dans un modèle de cellule complète est explorée / The invention of the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) triggered the massive deployment of portable technologies, and is nowadays encouraging the electrification of the transportation. This leads to the need of LIBs with even higher energy densities, shorter recharging times, lower cost and maximal safety. This PhD thesis focuses on computational modeling as a tool to characterize and simulate the LIB operation under dynamical conditions representative of power applications. It proposes a new mathematical model accounting for lithium transport inertia within the Maxwell-Cattaneo-Vernotte framework, and explores its implications for the simulation of the dynamical response of LIBs to current pulses. This model is built through a multiscale approach and demonstrated for graphitic active materials for negative electrodes. First, an analytical model is derived to extract and characterize lithium diffusion and inertia in the active material from PITT experiments. Extracted values are then used in a half cell model to fit experimental current evolution curves, through p-2D and 3D-resolved models which are comparatively investigated. The results show the implication of inter-particle diffusion on the performance of the LIB as well as the wavy lithium transport dynamics in the solid phase emphasizing the inhomogeneous/anisotropic lithium dispersion in the graphitic material at a macroscopic level. Finally, the feasibility of utilizing such a model for complete cell simulations is investigated

No description available.

Abstract In the Assessed Taxes Act 1798, and the Duties upon Income Act 1799, William Pitt the Younger provided exemptions from those taxes for charitable institutions. However, the legislation failed to provide a definition of charitable purposes with respect to either Assessed Taxes or Duties upon Income. The problems for charitable institutions began when Addington introduced deduction at source in 1803, thus catching charitable institutions in the tax net by requiring them to claim refunds of Income Tax that had been deducted from their non-voluntary income. To deal with the issues arising from such claims, Pitt created the Special Commissioners in 1805. The Duties upon Income Act 1799 and its successors were only intended as temporary war-time taxes, and Income Tax was eventually repealed in 1816 once peace with France had been achieved. However, Peel reintroduced Income Tax in 1842, based on the earlier Income Tax Acts. Once again, Income Tax was intended only as a short-term fiscal measure, but that was not to be and, during the course of the Nineteenth Century, the Income Tax became a permanent fixture of the legislative calendar. However, the issue of what was understood by the term “charitable purposes” with respect to Income Tax became an issue which, it was suggested in 1863, Parliament should resolve. That was not to be, and it was not until 1891 that Lord Macnaghten, in Commissioners for the Special Purposes of the Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531 laid down the four principal divisions of charity that continue to dominate charity case law in the Twenty-First Century. Until then, the exemption of charitable institutions from Income Tax had been a contentious issue. Anthony Highmore, a London lawyer who was also very active in a number of London’s charities in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries until his death in 1829, proposed in 1786, that charities should be exempt from all forms of taxation. In 1863 Gladstone unsuccessfully challenged the exemption of charitable institutions from Income Tax, arguing that income other than voluntary donations should be taxed, and that governments should decide which charitable institutions were worthy of direct government funding. However, charity case law continued to influence the decisions of the Special Commissioners until ultimately in 1891 Pemsel resolved the issue in a case which continues to resonate in the Twenty-first Century. The question that this Thesis seeks to answer is, what was the rationale for the charitable purposes exemption from Income Tax that Pitt had provided in his Income Tax Acts? I propose that the rationale was not founded in fiscal policy, or charity case law, but in social policy as influenced by the Evangelicals of late Eighteenth Century London, predominantly William Wilberforce and Hannah More, who were close friends of William Pitt the Younger.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1942. / Reproduced from type-written copy. Vita. Bibliography: p. [97]-114. "Notes and references": p. [115]-140.