Wong Chi Ho. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Tittle / Table of contents / Acknowledgment / Abstract / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Reviews --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sonographic history --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of ultrasound --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- History of general ultrasonography --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Early history of fetal diagnostic ultrasonography --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Placental sonography --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Development of the placenta --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sonographic placental development --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Placental grading --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Early studies of the placenta --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Placental grading --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Placental grading and gestational age --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Placental grade and neonatal outcome --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Placental thickness --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Amniotic fluid --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Amniotic fluid dynamics --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Methods of sonographic assessment of amniotic fluid --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Correlation of AFI with clinical oligohydramnios --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Clinical outcome associated with oligohydramnios --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Criteria for patients selection --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Calculation of the gestational age --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Measurement of bipatietal diameter (BPD) --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Ultrasonic measurements of the placenta and amniotic fluid --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Placental grading --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Placental thickness --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Amniotic fluid index --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Amniotic fluid index --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Placental thickness --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Clinical outcome --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overall obstetric demographic characteristics of study population --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Gestation-related changes in placental grade, placental thickness and amniotic fluid index" --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Amniotic fluid index, gestational age and maternal characteristics" --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Placental thickness --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Placental grades and gestational age --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- The clinical outcomes and ultrasound parameters --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1 --- Gestation related change of AFI and maternal characteristics --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- Placental grade and gestational age --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3 --- Placental thickness --- p.72 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Reference --- p.74 / Graphics --- p.95 / Figure 1 Grannum's placental grading system / Figure 2 Amniotic fluid index against gestational age / Figure 3 Placental thickness versus gestational age / Figure 4 Graph of placental grades versus progressing gestational age / Figure 5 Median amniotic fluid index in four populations