xviii, 326 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT GN799 .F6 H46 2002 / Archaeological evidence indicates that cold storage of bison meat was consistently practiced on the eastern Snake River Plain over the last 8000 years. Recent excavations in three cold lava tube caves have revealed a distinctive artifact assemblage of elk antler tines, broken handstones, and bison bone in association with frozen sagebrush features. Similar evidence has also been discovered in four other caves within the region. A patch choice model was utilized in this study to address how the long-term practice of caching bison meat in cold caves may have functioned in prehistoric subsistence patterns. Because the net return rate for bison was critical to the model, the hunting success of fur trappers occupying the eastern Snake River Plain during the early 1800s, as recorded in their daily journals, was examined and quantified. According to the model, the productivity of cold storage caves must be evaluated against the productivity of other patches on the eastern Snake River Plain, such as ephemeral ponds and linear river corridors from season to season and year to year. The model suggests that residential bases occurred only within river resource patches while ephemeral ponds and ice caves would contain sites indicative of seasonal base camps. The predictions of the model were tested against documented archaeological data from the Snake River Plain through the examination of Geographic Information Systems data provided by the Idaho Bureau of Land Management. The results of this analysis indicate that seasonal base camps are directly associated with both ephemeral and perennial water sources, providing strong support for the model's predictions. Likewise, the temporal distribution of sites within the study area indicates that climate change over the last 8000 years was not dramatic enough to alter long-term subsistence practices in the region. The long-term use of multiple resource patches across the region also confirms that, although the high return rates for bison made them very desirable prey, the over-all diet breadth for the eastern Snake River Plain was broad and included a variety of large and small game and plant foods. Bison and cold storage caves were a single component in a highly mobile seasonal round that persisted for some 8000 years, down to the time of written history in the 19th Century. / Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair; Dr. Lawrence Sugiyama ; Dr. Jon Erlandson ; Dr. Dennis Jenkins ; Dr. Cathy Whitlock ;

Thesis (MScConEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive alien plants (IAPs) reduce streamflow and threaten the biodiversity of South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. Up-to-date information on invasive vegetation is required for land management agencies to formulate policies and make appropriate resource management decisions. Invasion maps are typically not updated often enough because of the time and expenses required to do so. As a result, invasion maps for South Africa are limited to coarse resolution data or isolated small scale studies. Invasive alien plants change the landscape by destabilizing catchments and thereby increasing soil erosion, altering fire regimes and hydrology, as well as changing the physical and chemical composition of the soil. Information on IAPs is needed at a landscape scale. Remote sensing is a powerful tool that can be used to characterise landscapes in a biologically meaningful manner. The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to create an up-to-date invasion map of the Agulhas Plain, lying at the heart of the species rich Cape Floristic Region. This information was combined with actual evapotranspiration data from the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) study done by Water Watch and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The results showed that invasive vegetation uses more water than natural fynbos vegetation and that the greatest amount of water would be made available by clearing the invaded deep sands on the Agulhas Plain. These deep sand areas conflict with the priority areas of the Working for Water programme. This IAP eradication programme targets sparsely invaded upland areas for long-term sustainability. The recommendation of this study is to clear invaded wetland and riparian areas as these zones yield the greatest hydrological benefit per hectare and meet the priorities of Working for Water. Overall, 36 million cubic meters of water would be made available by clearing the Agulhas Plain. It can be concluded that there is a significant hydrological benefit to clearing invasive alien vegetation on the Agulhas Plain. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringerplante (IP) verminder stroomvloei en bedreig die biodiversiteit van Suid-Afrika se Kaapse Floristiese Streek. Die nuutste inligting oor uitheemse plantegroei is nodig vir grondbestuuragentskappe om beleide te formuleer vir die neem van toepaslike hulpbronbestuur besluite. As gevolg van die tyd en uitgawes wat nodig is om indringingskaarte op te dateer, word dit gewoonlik nie dikwels genoeg gedoen nie. Dus is indringingskaarte vir Suid-Afrika beperk tot growwe resolusie data of geïsoleerde kleinskaal studies. Indringerplante verander die landskap deur opvangsgebiede te destabiliseer en sodoende te lei tot gronderosie, verandering van vuurregimes en hidrologie, sowel as die verandering in die fisiese en chemiese samestelling van die grond. Inligting oor IP is nodig op 'n landskapskaal. Afstandswaarneming is 'n kragtige tegniek wat gebruik kan word om landskappe op 'n biologies betekenisvolle manier te karakteriseer. Die Normalised Difference plantegroei-indeks (NDVI) is gebruik om 'n opgedateerde indringingskaart van die Agulhas-vlakte, wat in die hart van die spesiesryke Kaapse Floristiese Streek lê, te skep. Hierdie inligting is gekombineer met die werklike evapotranspirasie data vanaf die Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) studie gedoen deur Water Watch en die Raad vir Wetenskaplike en Nywerheidnavorsing. Die resultate het getoon dat uitheemse plantegroei meer water gebruik as natuurlike fynbosplantegroei en dat die grootste hoeveelheid van hierdie water beskikbaar gestel sal word deur IP op diepsand op die Agulhas-vlakte skoonte maak. Hierdie diepsand areas is in konflik met die prioriteitsgebiede van die Werk vir Water-program. Hierdie IP uitroeiingsprogram fokus op yl ingedringde berggebiede vir langtermyn volhoubaarheid. Die aanbeveling van hierdie studie is om duidelik ingedringde vleilande en oewergebiede skoon te maak, siende dat hierdie sones die hoogste opbrengs en die grootste hidrologiese voordeel per hektaar bied, en voldoen aan die prioriteite van Werk vir Water. In totaal sou 36 miljoen kubieke meter water beskikbaar gestel word deur die skoonmaak van die Agulhas-vlakte. Dus kan dit afgelei word dat die verwydering van hidrologiese indringerplante op die Agulhas-vlakte 'n beduidende voordeel sal inhou.

A pesquisa trata do fenômeno do embuchamento em estacas metálicas tubadas cravadas com ponta aberta. O fenômeno em questão ocorre quando, ao se cravar uma estaca com ponta aberta, o solo que se acumula em seu interior forma um “plug", ou bucha, que altera seu comportamento, tornando-o semelhante ao de uma estaca de ponta fechada sob carregamento estático e, por vezes, até sob carregamento dinâmico. Muitas estacas escavadas, executadas com a presença de lâmina d’água, de rio, de lagoa ou de região portuária, têm como única alternativa de execução, ou alternativa mais viável economicamente, a utilização de camisas metálicas cravadas, de grande diâmetro, para que se atinja a cota de projeto. Se o fenômeno do embuchamento fosse aproveitado, nesse caso específico, a estaca agiria de maneira semelhante a uma cravada de ponta e não a uma escavada, e os coeficientes de segurança utilizados em seu dimensionamento mereceriam uma melhor avaliação. O fenômeno do embuchamento foi apresentado e caracterizado através das referências bibliográficas. Para se avaliar e compreender melhor o fenômeno, utilizou-se modelo matemático baseado nas Leis ou Relações de Cambefort, modificadas por Massad, que, através da curva carga-recalque no topo, permitiram obter o fator de majoração do atrito lateral (μ), que quantifica as cargas residuais presas na ponta em uma estaca. Através do fator μ, obtido em provas de carga encontradas na bibliografia, e da avaliação do formato da curva carga recalque no topo, que pode denunciar, qualitativamente, as fases de mobilização do atrito lateral e da carga de ponta, foi possível comparar o comportamento de estacas tubadas cravadas de ponta aberta, embuchadas e de ponta fechada. A determinação do atrito lateral unitário máximo (fmáx), para os solos atravessados por estas mesmas estacas, e sua posterior comparação com os valores disponíveis na bibliografia de referência, revelou a consistência dos resultados obtidos e que a aplicação dos procedimentos adotados nesta pesquisa requerem que as provas de carga estáticas sejam levadas até a ruptura ou a grandes deformações. / This MSc thesis dealt with the plug phenomenon in open-ended-toes steel pipe piles. This phenomenon occurs when, in the driving process of an open-ended toe pile, the soil that gets into its base alters its behavior, making it similar to one of a close-ended toe under static load and, sometimes, even under dynamic load. Many bored piles, installed with the presence of a water level, on a river, lake or a harbor area, have as the most feasible alternative the use of steel pipes, of large diameter, to achieve the project level. If the plug phenomenon was used, in this specific case, the pile would act in a similar manner of a driven pile and not of a bored pile, and the safety factors used on its calculation would deserve a better evaluation. The plug phenomenon was presented and characterized through the bibliographic references. To evaluate and better comprehend the phenomenon, a mathematical model based on the Cambefort’s Laws, modified by Massad, were used. This model was applied to the load-settlement curve at the top of the pile and allowed to obtain the magnifier factor (μ), that considers residual loads as friction loads. Using the μ factor, obtained in load tests gathered from the literature, and evaluating the shape of the load settlement curve at the pile head, that can denounce, qualitatively, the mobilization phases of the shaft load and the base load, it was possible to establish a relationship between the behavior of driven steel pipe piles, with plugged open-ended toes, and with close-ended toes. The determination of the ultimate unit shaft friction (fu), for the same piles, and its comparison with the existing data on literature, revealed that the values originated from the research were reliable and the procedures adopted in the research required the carrying of the static loads up to the ultimate load or, at least, to a great deformation.

No description available.

The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the delivery of oral health care services based on the prevailing curative paradigm and WHO-treatment norms for the school-going community of Mitchells Palin district in relation to selected alternative methods of dental care delivery. The optimal use of auxiliary personnel, purchasing care from private dental practitioners and intriducing water fluoridation was examined.

The aim of this study is to analyse and compare the delivery of oral health care services based on the prevailing curative paradigm and WHO-treatment norms for the school-going community of Mitchells Palin district in relation to selected alternative methods of dental care delivery. The optimal use of auxiliary personnel, purchasing care from private dental practitioners and intriducing water fluoridation was examined.

A pesquisa trata do fenômeno do embuchamento em estacas metálicas tubadas cravadas com ponta aberta. O fenômeno em questão ocorre quando, ao se cravar uma estaca com ponta aberta, o solo que se acumula em seu interior forma um “plug”, ou bucha, que altera seu comportamento, tornando-o semelhante ao de uma estaca de ponta fechada sob carregamento estático e, por vezes, até sob carregamento dinâmico. Muitas estacas escavadas, executadas com a presença de lâmina d’água, de rio, de lagoa ou de região portuária, têm como única alternativa de execução, ou alternativa mais viável economicamente, a utilização de camisas metálicas cravadas, de grande diâmetro, para que se atinja a cota de projeto. Se o fenômeno do embuchamento fosse aproveitado, nesse caso específico, a estaca agiria de maneira semelhante a uma cravada de ponta e não a uma escavada, e os coeficientes de segurança utilizados em seu dimensionamento mereceriam uma melhor avaliação. O fenômeno do embuchamento foi apresentado e caracterizado através das referências bibliográficas. Para se avaliar e compreender melhor o fenômeno, utilizou-se modelo matemático baseado nas Leis ou Relações de Cambefort, modificadas por Massad, que, através da curva carga-recalque no topo, permitiram obter o fator de majoração do atrito lateral (μ), que quantifica as cargas residuais presas na ponta em uma estaca. Através do fator μ, obtido em provas de carga encontradas na bibliografia, e da avaliação do formato da curva carga recalque no topo, que pode denunciar, qualitativamente, as fases de mobilização do atrito lateral e da carga de ponta, foi possível comparar o comportamento de estacas tubadas cravadas de ponta aberta, embuchadas e de ponta fechada. A determinação do atrito lateral unitário máximo (fmáx), para os solos atravessados por estas mesmas estacas, e sua posterior comparação com os valores disponíveis na bibliografia de referência, revelou a consistência dos resultados obtidos e que a aplicação dos procedimentos adotados nesta pesquisa requerem que as provas de carga estáticas sejam levadas até a ruptura ou a grandes deformações. / This MSc thesis dealt with the plug phenomenon in open-ended-toes steel pipe piles. This phenomenon occurs when, in the driving process of an open-ended toe pile, the soil that gets into its base alters its behavior, making it similar to one of a close-ended toe under static load and, sometimes, even under dynamic load. Many bored piles, installed with the presence of a water level, on a river, lake or a harbor area, have as the most feasible alternative the use of steel pipes, of large diameter, to achieve the project level. If the plug phenomenon was used, in this specific case, the pile would act in a similar manner of a driven pile and not of a bored pile, and the safety factors used on its calculation would deserve a better evaluation. The plug phenomenon was presented and characterized through the bibliographic references. To evaluate and better comprehend the phenomenon, a mathematical model based on the Cambefort’s Laws, modified by Massad, were used. This model was applied to the load-settlement curve at the top of the pile and allowed to obtain the magnifier factor (μ), that considers residual loads as friction loads. Using the μ factor, obtained in load tests gathered from the literature, and evaluating the shape of the load settlement curve at the pile head, that can denounce, qualitatively, the mobilization phases of the shaft load and the base load, it was possible to establish a relationship between the behavior of driven steel pipe piles, with plugged open-ended toes, and with close-ended toes. The determination of the ultimate unit shaft friction (fu), for the same piles, and its comparison with the existing data on literature, revealed that the values originated from the research were reliable and the procedures adopted in the research required the carrying of the static loads up to the ultimate load or, at least, to a great deformation.

No description available.

Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / 134, 43 p. : ill. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Agulhas Plain is a constituent of the Cape Floristic Region, internationally known as a global biodiversity hotspot. The species-rich Agulhas Plain consists mainly of fire-prone fynbos shrublands of which sandstone fynbos covers a significant surface area. This lowland region is characterised by mostly infertile soils yet has unique floristic complexity and contains a high amount of threatened lowland species. Natural vegetation on the Agulhas Plain has been prone to large scale land transformation activities, mainly attributed to the extent of alien plant invasions, urbanisation and agricultural expansion. Fynbos wildflower farming, specifically from natural vegetation, is an important economic activity and contributes to the region‟s agricultural sector. Farmers harvest large quantities of commercial fynbos species and supply these to the market in an attempt to sustain a livelihood. Certain wildflower farming practices (burning, ploughing and broadcast sowing) are applied to natural vegetation in an attempt to increase the abundance of commercial species (i.e. augmentation). Numerous farming practices are used in the industry and the application of these methods can be dynamic and divergent. Furthermore, the implementation of farming practices manifest as anthropogenically induced disturbance events and are a concern for conservation. Previous investigations suggest that farming practices could establish monocultures of commercial wildflower species by reducing species richness and plant diversity of wildflower vegetation. Although the impact of natural disturbance regimes (e.g. fire) and flower harvesting activities have been researched, the impact of farming practices on fynbos structure and composition remains largely unknown. This thesis reports on various aspects related to wildflower farming on the Agulhas Plain. Firstly, by administering a questionnaire, the extent and application of farming practices was investigated. Additionally, the opinion of wildflower farmers (referred to as landholders) about the impact of farming practices on wildflower populations was explored. Secondly, a vegetation survey aimed to assess the impact of farming practices on various structural (regeneration mode and growth form) and compositional attributes (plant family, dominant and rare species) of fynbos. Results from the questionnaire indicate that the application of farming methods are seasonally restricted, often used in varying combinations and relatively small in spatial extent. Furthermore, results show that wildflower farmers have an ecologically acceptable knowledge base and awareness of fynbos management and conservation. Secondly results, obtained from the vegetation survey, imply that natural vegetation subjected to particular farming practices differ from pristine fynbos vegetation by having both altered structural and compositional attributes. However, the impact of farming practices on rare species was less apparent. The conflict between commercial and conservation objectives are apparent from consultation with landholders. Nonetheless, landholders are optimistic about fynbos conservation and conservation can build upon these positive sentiments. Importantly, there is a need to communicate locally with landholders if a sustainable wildflower industry is a priority to stakeholders on the Agulhas Plain. Furthermore, fynbos ecosystems naturally entail complex ecological interactions. Wildflower farming practices reduce the ecological integrity (i.e. altered plant diversity, growth form and plant composition) of wildflower vegetation, at least at the local scale. These farming practices ultimately result both in distorted competitive interactions and disturbance regimes. Therefore, from a conservation perspective, the implementation of these farming practices (ploughing and broadcast sowing) should be cautioned against. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Agulhas-vlakte vorm deel van die Kaapse Blommeryk; „n gebied wat internasionale bekendheid verwerf het as „n biodiversiteits-brandpunt. Die spesieryke Agulhas-vlakte bestaan hoofsaaklik uit fynbosstruiklande wat geneig is tot veldbrande. Sandsteenfynbos beslaan „n beduidende oppervlak van die gebied (Agulhas-vlakte). Hierdie laagliggende area (Agulhas-vlakte) word meestal deur onvrugbare grondtipes gekenmerk maar beskik nogtans oor unieke fynbos kompleksiteit wat „n aantal bedreigde laagland spesies insluit. Natuurlike plantegroei op die Agulhas-vlakte is onderworpe aan grootskaalse grondgebruik transformasie; hoofsaaklik toe te skryf aan indringer plantegroei, verstedeliking en uitbreiding van landbou. Fynbos veldblomboerdery, spesifiek van natuurlike plantegroei, is „n belangrike ekonomiese aktiwiteit en lewer „n bydrae tot die Agulhas-vlakte se landbou sektor. Boere oes en lewer groot hoeveelhede kommersiële fynbos spesies aan die mark. Sekere veldblom-boerderypraktyke (brand, ploeg en saadstrooi) word ingespan op fynbosveld ten einde die opbrengs en afwisseling van kommersiële spesies te verhoog. „n Verskeidenheid boerderypraktyke word gevolg en die toepassing van hierdie boerderypraktyke is dinamies en uiteenlopend. Voorts manifesteer die implementering van hierdie boerderypraktyke as mensgemaakte versteurings wat kommerwekkend is vanuit „n bewaringsperspektief. Vorige ondersoeke dui moontlik daarop dat boerderypraktyke monokulture van kommersiële veldblomspesies kan vestig deur die veelheid van spesies en diversiteit van veldblomplantegroei te verminder. Ten spyte daarvan dat die impak van natuurlike versteuringsregimes (bv. vuur) en veldblompluk-aktiwiteite reeds nagevors is, bly die impak van veldblomboerderypraktyke op fynbosstruktuur en -samestelling grotendeels onbekend. Hierdie tesis doen verslag oor verskeie aspekte van veldblomboerdery op die Agulhas-vlakte. Eerstens, deur middel van „n vraelys, is die omvang en aanwending van verskillende boerderypraktyke nagevors. Verder is die menings van veldblomboere (na wie verwys word as grondeienaars) ondersoek met die klem op die impak van boerderypraktyke op veldblombevolkings. Tweedens, is „n plantegroei-opname met die doelwit om die impak van landboupraktyke op verskeie strukturele- (regenerasiemodus en groeivorm) en samestellende eienskappe (plantfamilie, dominante- en seldsame spesies) van fynbos vas te stel gedoen. Die resultate van die vraelys dui daarop dat die aanwending van boerderypraktyke seisoenaal beperk word, dikwels in wisselende kombinasies gebruik word en in ruimtelike omvang redelik klein is. Boonop toon die resultate dat veldblomboere oor „n ekologies-aanvaarbare kennisgrondslag en bewustheid van fynbosbestuur en –bewaring beskik. Tweedens, impliseer die resultate, vanuit die plantegroei-opname, dat fynbosveld wat onderwerp word aan sekere boerderypraktyke van natuurlike fynbosplantegroei verskil deurdat dit gewysigde strukturele- sowel as samestellende eienskappe toon. Die impak van die boerderypraktyke op seldsame spesies was egter minder waarneembaar. Die botsing tussen kommersiële- en bewaringsoogmerke blyk duidelik uit konsultasie met grondeienaars. Nietemin is die grondeienaars optimisties oor fynbosbewaring en bewaring kan op hierdie positiewe sentimente staatmaak en voortbou. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat dit noodsaaklik is om plaaslik met grondeienaars oorleg te pleeg indien „n volhoubare veldblomindustrie „n prioriteit vir belanghebbendes op die Agulhas-vlakte is. Verder, aangesien fynbos ekosisteme natuurlik komplekse ekologiese wisselwerkings behels, verminder veldblom-boerderypraktyke die ekologiese integriteit (m.a.w. gewysigde plantdiversiteit, groeivorm en plantsamestelling) van fynbosveld, ten minste op kleinskaal (plaaslik). Hierdie landboupraktyke het uiteindelik beide verwronge kompeterende wisselwerkinge asook versteuringsregimes tot gevolg. Vanuit „n bewaringsperspektief moet daar dus teen hierdie boerderypraktyke gewaarsku word.

Earlier researchers have produced conceptual models of Mississippi River delta plain development which divide the deltaic plain into upper and lower reaches. The upper deltaic plain has been described as an area composed mainly of lacustrine, lacustrine delta, backswamp, and crevasse channels, with minimal distributary development. The lower deltaic plain is characterized by numerous distributaries forming distributary systems and lobes. Detailed geomorphic mapping and chronologic reconstruction within the Atchafalaya Backwater Area of the upper deltaic plain of the Mississippi River has led to the recognition of a complex network of distributary development related to three distinct distributary systems that formed in the upper deltaic plain over the past 2500 years. These systems do not fit previous models of upper deltaic plain development. The East Atchafalaya Basin Protection Levee blocked Atchafalaya River water and sediment from entering the study area and burying these older distributary systems, preserving their surface expression and allowing their identification. Results show that distributary systems can be a major contributor to upper deltaic plain development and that these systems are not always related to the lower delta plain delta switching process. A stable Mississippi River position and a favorable gradient in the study area over the past 4,000 years appear to be responsible for the geomorphic development of the study area.