Orientador: Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas / Banca: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Banca: Flavio Bertin Gandara / Resumo: O reflorestamento com espécies arbóreas nativas de áreas destinadas à Reserva Legal é uma maneira de se atender à exigência legal. Esta atividade pode ser aliada ao uso de espécies nativas melhoradas geneticamente, potencializando o uso sustentável da propriedade e, consequentemente, incentivando assim os proprietários rurais a recompor tais áreas. Este trabalho aborda algumas metodologias de recomposição de áreas degradadas com a espécie Myracrodruon urundeuva, com orientações de como obter sementes com certo estágio de melhoramento genético. O objetivo é transformar dois sistemas de plantio da espécie, conservadas ex situ, em pomares de sementes. Para tanto, avaliou-se a razão sexual, a variação genética dos caracteres diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), altura total (HT), altura de inserção de copa (HI), altura da copa (HC), diâmetro médio da copa (DMC), volume da copa (VCO) e a produção de diásporos em dois testes de progênies (sistemas de plantio) com 16,5 anos de idade, instalados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE), da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, no município de Selvíria (MS). Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos como herdabilidade e ganhos na seleção para os caracteres, utilizando-se do modelo linear misto via REML/BLUP. A avaliação da produção de diásporos foi feita em oito plantas femininas do sistema de plantio intercalado, com correlação entre VCO e a produção de diásporos representada pela equação de regressão y= 0,0199x + 0,0496. Em ambos os sistemas de plantio de Myracrodruon urundeuva, a razão sexual de machos e fêmeas foi de aproximadamente 5:1. Nos dois sistemas de plantio foram selecionadas as melhores 45 plantas masculinas e as melhores nove plantas femininas, para o caráter DAP, com ganho genético de 11,1% no sistema de plantio homogêneo e de 24,3% no sistema de plantio intercalado. Os resultados validam a proposta de melhoramento... / Abstract: Reforestation with native tree species of legal reserve areas is a way to attend the legal requirement. This activity can be combined with the use of genetically improved native species, increasing the sustainable use of the property and, consequently, encouraging rural landowners to recovery such areas. This paper discusses some methodologies of recovery of degraded areas with Myracrodruon urundeuva, with guidelines on how to obtain seeds with certain stage of genetic improvement. The aim is to convert two planting systems of the species, conserved ex situ, in seed orchards. Therefore, we evaluated the sex ratio, genetic variation of traits diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (TH), canopy insertion height (CI), canopy height (CH), average canopy diameter (ACD), canopy volume (CV) and the production of diaspores in two tests of progenies (planting systems) with 16.5 years-old, planted in the Teaching, Research and Extention Farm (TREF), of the Faculty of Ilha Solteira - UNESP, in Selvíria (MS). We estimated genetic parameters such as heritability and gains in selection for the traits using the linear mixed model with REML/BLUP. The evaluation of diaspores production was done in eight female plants of intercalated planting system, with correlation between CV and the production of diaspores represented by the regression equation y = 0,0199x + 0.0496. In both planting systems of Myracrodruon urundeuva, the sex ratio of males and females was approximately 5:1. In the two planting systems we selected the best 45 male plants and the best nine female plants, for DAP character, with genetic gain of 11.1% in the homogenous planting system and 24.3% in the intercalated planting system. The results validate the proposed improvement of this species and any of the selected planting system can be successfully used in the production of seeds for recomposition of legal reserve. The method can also be adapted to other species / Mestre

Orientador: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Maria Elisa Ayres Guidetti Zagatto Paterniani / Banca: Sandra Helena Unêda Trevisoli / Banca: João Antônio da Costa Andrade / Banca: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Resumo: Os objetivos principais com a pesquisa foram: alocar genótipos de milho em grupos divergentes pela abordagem multivariada e correlacionar caracteres agronômicos com caracteres relacionados à qualidade de sementes de milho. Para alocação em grupos heteróticos, foram utilizados dois métodos multivariados, método K-means e método Tocher. A partir da avaliação de caracteres agronômicos (altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga, acamamento, quebramento, prolificidade e produtividade de grãos), foram alocadas 229 linhagens parcialmente endogâmicas (S3), avaliadas em três safras. Já para correlação entre caracteres foram utilizados os métodos Redes Bayesiana e correlação linear simples de Pearson. Os caracteres avaliados, de 31 genótipos de milho, foram caracteres agronômicos (altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga, acamamento, quebramento, prolificidade e produtividade de grãos), avaliados em três safras, e caracteres de sementes (primeira contagem de germinação, germinação final, primeira contagem de emergência, emergência final e índice de velocidade de germinação). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa computacional SAS, Selegen e RStudio. Na análise de variância conjunta foi constatado efeito significativo para safra em todas caracteres analisadas, caracterizando a influência das safras e indicando diferença entre os ambientes de avaliação. Foi possível alocar os genótipos de milho em grupos heteróticos a partir dos métodos de agrupamento.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main objectives of the research were: to allocate corn genotypes in divergent groups by the multivariate approach and to correlate agronomic traits with traits related to maize seed quality. For allocation in heterotic groups, two multivariate methods, K-means method and Tocher method were used. Based on the evaluation of agronomic characters (plant height, relative position of the spike, lodging, breaking, prolificacy and grain yield), 229 partially inbred lines (S3) were evaluated, evaluated in three harvests. Already for the correlation between characters were used the methods Bayesian Networks and simple linear correlation of Pearson. The evaluated traits of 31 corn genotypes were agronomic characteristics (plant height, relative position of the spike, lodging, breaking, prolificacy and grain yield) evaluated in three harvests, and seed characteristics (first germination count, germination endpoint, first emergency count, final emergency and germination speed index). Statistical analyzes were performed using the SAS software, Selegen and RStudio. In the analysis of joint variance it was verified a significant effect for harvest in all characters analyzed, characterizing the influence of the crops and indicating difference between the evaluation environments. It was possible to allocate the maize genotypes to heterotic groups from the clustering methods. Pearson's linear correlation ranged from -0.511 (between breakage and productivity) to 0.987 (between first emergenc... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Barley is an economically important cereal crop throughout most of the world. The study and elucidation of the genetic complex of this plant will add to its extensive usefulness to man, and will also provide valuable information for similar research projects on other crop plants.

The colors of the glumes on wheat have been described as being white, yellow, brown, or black. The white actually ranges from cream or pale straw-yellow to dark yellow. Some varieties have white or yellow glumes with brown or black nerves.

Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto / Coorientador: Carlos Alberto Scapim / Banca: Marcos Ventura Faria / Banca: Norberto da Silva / Banca: Sergio Gonçalves Dutra / Banca: João Paulo Teixeira Whitaker / Resumo: O milho superdoce é classificado como milho especial e largamente consumido em sua forma in natura ou em processados. Dentre os alelos mutantes condicionadores do caráter doce o Shrunken 2 (sh2) é o mais utilizado por empresas de melhoramento genético. Ao contrário do milho comum, os programas de melhoramento de milho superdoce não possuem padrões heteróticos bem definidos a fim de direcionar os cruzamentos para o desenvolvimento de linhagens e híbridos. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar em grupos heteróticos o painel de linhagens parcialmente endogâmicas (F2S5) pertencentes a empresa Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda. por meio de estudos de divergência genética via marcadores moleculares SSR e pela capacidade combinatória obtida por meio da análise dialélica. Quarenta e nove linhagens foram avaliadas por meio de 20 marcadores SSR, e agrupadas de acordo com a análise discriminante de componentes principais. Doze linhagens foram selecionadas e cruzadas entre si de acordo com Griffing (1956). Os 81 tratamentos (linhagens progenitoras, seus respectivos híbridos simples e três testemunhas comerciais) foram avaliados em esquema de látice triplo (9 x 9) parcialmente balanceado durante a safra de 2016/2017 e safrinha de 2017. Foram estimados os efeitos de capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) e capacidade específica de combinação (CEC). As estimativas de CEC foram utilizadas para proceder o agrupamento das linhagens progenitoras em grupos heteróticos. Os efeitos não adi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The super sweet corn is classified as a special type of corn and is largely consumed in fresh and processing ways. Among the alleles that confers its sweetness Shrunken 2 (sh2) is the most common at the breeding programs. In contrast to the field corn, super sweet breeding programs do not have heterotic patterns well defined in order to guide the crosses with the aim to develop new inbred lines and hybrids. Taking this fact in account, the objective of this study was to set the partial endogamy inbred lines (F2S5) owed by Sakata Seed Sudamerica Ltda. into heterotic groups by genetic dissimilarity analysis using data from SSR molecular markers, and, through combining ability obtained from diallel analysis. Forty-nine inbred lines were evaluated using 20 SSR molecular markers, which were allocated into heterotic groups according to the discriminant principal component analysis. Twelve inbred lines were crossed in a complete diallel scheme according to Griffing (1956). The 81 entries (hybrids developed, parental lines and three commercial checks) were evaluated in a triple partial balanced lattice design (9 x 9) during the growing seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017. The general combine ability (GCA) and specific combine ability (SCA) were estimated. The SCA values were used to set the heterotic patterns of the parental lines as well. Non additive effects had greater contribution to genetic trait control than additive effects. Commercial yield without husk (CYWH) and ear length (EL) were more informative in order to set the heterotic groups. There was great coincidence between the two methods used to set the groups. SCA showed up to be more assertive in grouping the inbred lines into heterotic groups. It was possible to set the inbred lines into three heterotic groups: inbred lines with brachytic plants (gene br2) coming from "PopTe2", inbred lines coming from populations "PopTe1" and ... / Doutor

Barley (Hordrium sp.) is the most important spring sown cereal crop in Utah, both in acreage and in yield of total digestible nutrients per unit area. It also rates high as a feed crop in the United States. For this reason it is important that varieties are available which are high in yield, high in quality, and disease resistant, along with other desirable characteristics. In order to work toward this end most efficiently, it is first necessary that the genetics of the barley plant be worked out. Barley offers the plant breeders and geneticists a valuable material to use in the study of genetics. The fact that it has many easily distinguishable characters, that it is easy to grow large F2 populations, and that it has a low chromosome number make it desirable for this type of study. That all interspecific crosses are fertile make it all the more desirable for the plant breeder. This study is a by-product of the cereal breeding and improvement program being carried on at the Utah Experiment Station. Recently the study of translocations induced by X0rays and other means has gained wide interests among plant breeders, geneticists, and cytologists alike. Translocations or interchanges consist of the exchange of segments of non-homologous chromosomes. As a result semisterility occurs in plants which are heterozygous for the interchange. the objective of this study is to calculate any linkage which may be found in different crosses involving translocated stocks in barley in order to determine which linkage groups are involved in the translocation; and to note any characters now linked as a result of a translocation which were not linked in normal barley stocks. The ratios and interactions which occur in any of the characters found in this study will be calculated.

The objective in wheat hybridization primarily is to obtain new varieties which are of a greater agronomic value than existing varieties. Frequently, however, crosses which obviously will not produce superior commercial types are made and studied in order to obtain genetic information which may be useful to the breeder. This latter phase of breeding, i.e., the accumulation of genetic information, provides the basis for this study.

The development of new and better varieties of plants through plant breeding is essential to meet certain needs of a changing world. Genetics and a knowledge of its principles are the basis for such improvement. Barley has been used rather extensively in linkage relations studies. Its desirable characteristics are: (1) interspecific fertility and relative ease of hybridization, (2) numerous characters that are easily differentiated, (3) its commercial importance as a crop and (4) there are seven chromosome pairs in each of the four cultivated species.

No description available.

Genetic consistency within varieties is essential to quality assurance for any agricultural product. While the Australian coffee industry targets high quality coffee, there is observed morphological variation within coffee varieties in New South Wales plantations. This variability may result from environmental, genetic and/or management factors. Genetic factors can be tested by molecular markers which can also shed light on the questions concerning crop quality management. A review of the literature showed low genetic variation in C. arabica. Hence four different molecular marker systems were used in this study to detect possible genetic variation within and between varieties of local coffee grown in Northern New South Wales (NNSW), Australia. Genetic variation in eighty-four seed propagated coffee (C. arabica) accessions, mainly from two commercial varieties (K7 and CRB) in NNSW, were tested using various PCR-based marker systems (RAPDs, ISSRs, SSRs and AFLPs). Eleven accessions from Central Highland, Vietnam, were used as reference material. While RAPD and ISSR did not distinguish intra-varietal molecular variation, SSR and AFLP data revealed the degree of genetic variability and the relationship among individuals within and between coffee varieties. Despite observed morphological variation within supposedly single variety plantations in NNSW, the genetic variation, measured by genetic distance, revealed in this study was very low (K7: 0.193; CRB: 0.205). There exists genetic variation between different farms sharing the same cultivar (K7) which suggests differences in the management of plantation establishment and sourcing of trees. The genetic variability is not aligned with off-type individuals observed in K7, but is with off-type CRB plants which is probably due to inter-varietal hybrids from unintentional outcrossing. The mean level of genetic identity between cultivars derived from the two distinct types of C. arabica is moderate (0.641). Although genetic variation within and among arabica cultivars is low, sufficient DNA polymorphism was found among some C. arabica accessions to allow differentiation. The results in this study suggested that even the elite cultivars, which have been exposed to intensive selection, still show a certain degree of genetic variation amongst individuals within each cultivar even though C. arabica is a predominantly selfing species and has a narrow genetic foundation. The congruence between AFLP and SSR data sets suggests that either method individually, or a combination, is applicable to genetic studies of coffee. SSR alone clearly distinguished and revealed inter-varietal heterogeneity but were more powerful when combined with AFLP.