Orientador: Marcelo de Almeida Silva / Coorientador: Marcelo de Almeida Silva / Banca: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Banca: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: Alisson Fernando Chiorato / Banca: Leandro José Grava de Godoy / Resumo: Glyphosate em subdoses pode estimular o crescimento das plantas. O efeito estimulatório de baixas doses de um composto tóxico é conhecido como hormese. Estudos como este são de fundamental importância para a adoção do manejo desta tecnologia. A hipótese desta pesquisa foi que subdoses de glyphosate promovem alterações a nível morfológico, fisiológico, nutricional e de produção em plantas de feijoeiro comum. Deste modo, o objetivo foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas, nutricionais, fisiológicas e na produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro comum de ciclo precoce submetido à aplicação de subdoses de glyphosate e se esses efeitos são influenciados pelas épocas de semeadura da cultura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo e a cultivar utilizada foi a IAC Imperador, feijoeiro comum de ciclo precoce. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos ao acaso, constituído de doses de glyphosate aplicadas no estádio fenológico V4, com quatro repetições. Foram realizados dois experimentos, o primeiro na safra de inverno e o segundo na safra das águas, no ano de 2016. Na safra de inverno, os tratamentos consistiram em cinco subdoses de glyphosate (0; 1,8; 7,2; 12 e 36 g de equivalente ácido (e.a.) ha-1), na safra das águas, os tratamentos consistiram em sete subdoses de glyphosate (0; 1,8; 7,2; 12; 36; 54 e 108 g de e.a. ha-1). Foram avaliados: altura de plantas, área foliar, massa de matéria seca de folhas, caule e parte aérea, taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa de crescimen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Glyphosate low doses can stimulate plant growth. The stimulatory effect of low dose use of a toxic compound is known as hormesis. Studies like this are of fundamental importance for the adoption of this technology. The hypothesis of this research is that glyphosate subdoses promote changes at the morphological, physiological, nutritional and production levels in common bean plants. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate if the application of glyphosate low doses promotes changes in common bean growth, physiology, nutritional and productivity and whether these effects are influenced by the planting seasons. Two experiments were conducted in the field and the cultivar used was the IAC Imperador, common bean of early cycle. The experimental design was a randomized block design, consisting of doses of glyphosate and one season of application (phenological stage V4), with four replications. Two experiments were carried out in 2016, the first in the winter season and the second in the water season. In the winter season, treatments consisted of five glyphosate sub-doses (0, 1.8, 7.2, 12 and 36 g of acid equivalent (a.e.) ha-1), in the water season, treatments consisted of seven subdoses of glyphosate (0.8, 7.2, 12, 36, 54 and 108 g of a.e. ha-1). Plant height, leaf area, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, shoots dry mass, growth rate (GR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), nutrient content on leaves and grains, chorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids content, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, CO2 internal concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency of rubisco, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of grain per pod, mass of 1000 grains and grain yield were evaluated. The application of glyphosate low doses, influenced by the growing season, ... / Doutor

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology, 2010. / Water storage dams play an important part in the collection and purification of water destined for human consumption. However, the nutrient rich silt in these dams promotes rapid growth of aquatic plants which tend to block out light and air. Glyphosate is universally used as the effective non-selective herbicide for the control of aquatic plants in rivers and dams. Invariably there is residual glyphosate present in water after spraying of dams and rivers with glyphosate herbicide. The amount of residual glyphosate is difficult to determine on account of high solubility of glyphosate in water. Thus a method of sample preparation and a sensitive HPLC method for the detection of trace amounts of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in water is required. A crucial step in sample preparation is pre-column derivitization of glyphosate with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl). For sample pretreatment, water samples were derivatized with FMOC-Cl at pH 9, extracted with ethyl acetate and sample clean-up was carried out by passing a sample through the SPE cartridge. For SPE, recovery studies were done to choose a suitable cartridge for glyphosate and AMPA analysis. The following cartridges were compared, namely, C18, Oasis HLB and Oasis MAX SPE cartridges. Best recoveries (101% for glyphosate and 90% for AMPA) were obtained using 500 mg of C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. The eluent from SPE cartridge was injected into HPLC column. Three types of separation columns (namely; C18 column, silica based amino column and polymeric amino column) were compared for the separation of glyphosate and AMPA. The best separation of glyphosate and AMPA in water samples was achieved using a polymeric amino column and a mobile phase at pH 10 which contained a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 10) 55:45, (v/v) respectively. The method was validated by spiking tap water , deionized water and river water at a level of 100 μg/l. Recoveries were in the range of 77% -111% for both analytes. The method was also used in determining the levels of glyphosate and AMPA in environmental samples. This method gave detection limits of 3.2 μg/l and 0.23 μg/l for glyphosate and AMPA respectively. The limits of quantification obtained for this method were 10.5 μg/l and 3.2 μg/l for glyphosate and AMPA respectively. / Eskom Tertiary Education Support Programme (TESP) Durban University of Technology.