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The influence of water regime on the population ecology of two emergent macrophytes in South Australia /Rea, Naomi. January 1993 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Dept. of Botany, University of Adelaide, 1993. / Bibliography: leaves 103-120.
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The influence of water stress on flowering and fruit production of Capsicum annuum Longum (chilli peppers) /Sumardi. January 1993 (has links)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Hons)) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1993. / "A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours) at the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, School of Horticulture" Bibliography : leaves [126]-145.
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Using remote sensing to monitor herbicide injury and biomass of waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms]Robles, Wilfredo. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.
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Respostas e adaptações de plantas de coqueiro "anão verde" ás interações entre deficiência hídrica e salinidade do solo / Responses and adaptations of coconut plants "Green Dwarf" to interactions between water stress and soil salinity.Silva, Alexandre Reuber Almeida da January 2015 (has links)
SILVA, Alexandre Reuber Almeida da Silva. Respostas e adaptações de plantas de coqueiro "anão verde" ás interações entre deficiência hídrica e salinidade do solo. 2015. 237 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T15:25:35Z
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Previous issue date: 2015 / In this work morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses, to elucidate the possible adaptive strategies of young coconut plants, cultivating "Green Dwarf", involved with tolerance to the effects of stress isolated and combined soil salinity and water stress. In the experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, the greenhouse type, in Fortaleza, Ceará, were evaluated under statistical design of randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, the effects of different levels of water stress by imposing different percentages resets the potential evapotranspiration - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%), related to increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) provided by soils derived from the Irrigated Perimeter Morada Nova - PIMN. The effects of treatments on plants were evaluated using the variables: plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass production (root, shoot and total), compared root dry biomass of aerial-1, to salinity tolerance indices, leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, instant and intrinsic efficiency of water use), quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv Fm-1) level for total chlorophyll (Spad index) , total content of chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf and root levels of inorganic solutes (potassium ions, sodium and chloride) and organic (total soluble carbohydrates, N - aminossolúveis and free proline) and nutritional state (foliar nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc). The growth and biomass production of the plants are sharply reduced by the conditions of water stress and high soil salinity, apparently being more critical to fluid restriction culture. The degree of water stress can enhance the susceptibility to salinity. The physiological mechanisms are effectively limited when water stress and salinity act separately and / or together. The effects of water stress are more effective in the reduction of physiological parameters, to the detriment soil salinity. The magnitudes of physiological responses of plants to water supply and salinity depend on the intensity of stress. Adaptive physiological responses of plants are related mainly to stomatal regulation. In conditions of drought and soil salinity, the plants have linear reductions in the total levels of chlorophyll. Carotenoid levels respond to the combined effects of water availability and soil salinity and reflect the antagonism between them. The coconut has a number of physiological adjustments mechanisms that give the species a partial tolerance to drought stress and / or saline. Saline ions K+, Na+ and Cl- accumulate significantly in young coconut plants, to the detriment of organic solutes, both in the leaves and in the roots, evidencing an apparent root retention ions. Salinity did not change the concentration of organic solutes, however, show up increments in leaf and root levels of free proline in response to water stress. Water stress and soil salinity interact, affecting the nutritional status of plants, except for the nutrient P. Leaf contents of nutrients N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn grow positively with the increase of water availability and are reduced substantially with increasing salinity. The interaction of smaller water deficit levels with the highest saline levels maximizes the leaf contents of Mg and Cu and minimizes K. During the establishment of coconut seedlings, the need for macronutrients follows the descending order: N, K Ca, Mg, S and P and micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The plant nutrition proved to be adequate, except for the imbalances observed in nutrients K, Mg, S and Mn. The coconut seedlings show full capacity of the establishment in saline soils PIMN, corresponding to the level of electrical conductivity to 6.50 dS m-1, but only when the water supply remains adequate. For the higher salinity levels the plants survive, yet the size of the same is reduced by around 50%, even when fully irrigated. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas repostas morfológicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e nutricionais, visando elucidar as possíveis estratégias adaptativas de plantas jovens de coqueiro, cultivar “Anão Verde”, envolvidas com sua tolerância aos efeitos dos estresses isolados e/ou combinados, salinidade do solo e deficiência hídrica. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetação, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, Ceará, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatístico de blocos casualizados, no arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes níveis de deficiência hídrica, mediante a imposição de distintos percentuais de reposições da evapotranspiração potencial da cultura - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados à crescentes níveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos oriundos do Perímetro Irrigado Morada Nova - PIMN. Os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as plantas foram avaliados por meio das variáveis: altura de plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, produção de biomassa (radicular, parte aérea e total), relação biomassa seca raiz parte aérea-1, índices de tolerância à salinidade, trocas gasosas foliares (condutância estomática, transpiração, fotossíntese, eficiência instantânea e intrínseca de uso da água), rendimento quântico da fluorescência da clorofila a (Fv Fm-1), teores relativos de clorofila total (índice Spad), teores totais de clorofilas (a+b) e de carotenóides, potencial hídrico foliar, teores foliares e radiculares dos solutos inorgânicos (íons potássio, sódio e cloreto) e orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis totais, N - aminossolúveis e prolina livre) e estado nutricional (teores foliares dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, manganês e zinco). O crescimento e a produção de biomassa das plantas são acentuadamente reduzidos pelas condições de restrição hídrica e de elevada salinidade do solo, sendo aparentemente mais crítica à cultura a restrição hídrica. O grau de estresse hídrico é capaz de acentuar a suscetibilidade à salinidade. Os mecanismos fisiológicos são efetivamente limitados quando a deficiência hídrica e a salinidade atuam isoladamente e/ou em conjunto. Os efeitos do estresse hídrico se mostram mais efetivos nas reduções dos parâmetros fisiológicos, em detrimento à salinidade do solo. As magnitudes das respostas fisiológicas das plantas ao suprimento hídrico e à salinidade dependem das intensidades do estresses. As respostas fisiológicas adaptativas das plantas estão relacionadas, principalmente, à regulação estomática. Em condições de déficit hídrico e de salinidade do solo, as plantas apresentam reduções lineares nos teores totais de clorofilas. Os teores de carotenóides respondem aos efeitos combinados da disponibilidade hídrica e da salinidade do solo e refletem o antagonismo entre estes. O coqueiro apresenta uma série de mecanismos de ajustes fisiológicos que conferem à espécie uma parcial tolerância ao estresse hídrico e/ou salino. Os íons salinos K+, Na+ e Cl- acumulam-se significativamente em plantas jovens de coqueiro, em detrimento aos solutos orgânicos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raízes, sendo evidenciada uma aparente retenção radicular de íons. A salinidade não altera os teores dos solutos orgânicos, todavia, denotam-se incrementos nos teores foliares e radiculares de prolina livre em resposta à deficiência hídrica. A deficiência hídrica e a salinidade do solo interagem, afetando o estado nutricional das plantas, excetuando o nutriente P. Os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn e Zn crescem positivamente com a ampliação da disponibilidade hídrica e reduzem-se substancialmente com o aumento da salinidade. A interação dos menores níveis de deficiência hídrica com os maiores níveis salinos maximiza os teores foliares de Mg e Cu e minimiza os de K. Durante o estabelecimento das plantas jovens de coqueiro, a necessidade de macronutrientes obedece à ordem decrescente: N, K Ca, Mg, S e P e à de micronutrientes: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A nutrição das plantas mostra-se adequada, excetuando-se, os desequilíbrios observados nos nutrientes K, Mg, S e Mn. As plantas jovens de coqueiro mostram plena capacidade de estabelecimento nos solos salinizados do PIMN, até o nível de condutividade elétrica correspondente a 6,50 dS m-1, porém apenas quando o suprimento hídrico se mantém adequado. Para os níveis de salinidade mais elevados as plantas sobrevivem, contudo o porte das mesmas reduz-se em torno de 50%, mesmo quando plenamente irrigadas.
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Responses and adaptations of coconut plants "Green Dwarf" to interactions between water stress and soil salinity. / Respostas e adaptaÃÃes de plantas de coqueiro "anÃo verde" Ãs interaÃÃes entre deficiÃncia hÃdrica e salinidade do soloAlexandre Reuber Almeida da Silva 03 June 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses, to elucidate the possible adaptive strategies of young coconut plants, cultivating "Green Dwarf", involved with tolerance to the effects of stress isolated and combined soil salinity and water stress. In the experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, the greenhouse type, in Fortaleza, CearÃ, were evaluated under statistical design of randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, the effects of different levels of water stress by imposing different percentages resets the potential evapotranspiration - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%), related to increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) provided by soils derived from the Irrigated Perimeter Morada Nova - PIMN. The effects of treatments on plants were evaluated using the variables: plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass production (root, shoot and total), compared root dry biomass of aerial-1, to salinity tolerance indices, leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, instant and intrinsic efficiency of water use), quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv Fm-1) level for total chlorophyll (Spad index) , total content of chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf and root levels of inorganic solutes (potassium ions, sodium and chloride) and organic (total soluble carbohydrates, N - aminossolÃveis and free proline) and nutritional state (foliar nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc). The growth and biomass production of the plants are sharply reduced by the conditions of water stress and high soil salinity, apparently being more critical to fluid restriction culture. The degree of water stress can enhance the susceptibility to salinity. The physiological mechanisms are effectively limited when water stress and salinity act separately and / or together. The effects of water stress are more effective in the reduction of physiological parameters, to the detriment soil salinity. The magnitudes of physiological responses of plants to water supply and salinity depend on the intensity of stress. Adaptive physiological responses of plants are related mainly to stomatal regulation. In conditions of drought and soil salinity, the plants have linear reductions in the total levels of chlorophyll. Carotenoid levels respond to the combined effects of water availability and soil salinity and reflect the antagonism between them. The coconut has a number of physiological adjustments mechanisms that give the species a partial tolerance to drought stress and / or saline. Saline ions K+, Na+ and Cl- accumulate significantly in young coconut plants, to the detriment of organic solutes, both in the leaves and in the roots, evidencing an apparent root retention ions. Salinity did not change the concentration of organic solutes, however, show up increments in leaf and root levels of free proline in response to water stress. Water stress and soil salinity interact, affecting the nutritional status of plants, except for the nutrient P. Leaf contents of nutrients N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn grow positively with the increase of water availability and are reduced substantially with increasing salinity. The interaction of smaller water deficit levels with the highest saline levels maximizes the leaf contents of Mg and Cu and minimizes K. During the establishment of coconut seedlings, the need for macronutrients follows the descending order: N, K Ca, Mg, S and P and micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The plant nutrition proved to be adequate, except for the imbalances observed in nutrients K, Mg, S and Mn. The coconut seedlings show full capacity of the establishment in saline soils PIMN, corresponding to the level of electrical conductivity to 6.50 dS m-1, but only when the water supply remains adequate. For the higher salinity levels the plants survive, yet the size of the same is reduced by around 50%, even when fully irrigated. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas repostas morfolÃgicas, fisiolÃgicas, bioquÃmicas e nutricionais, visando elucidar as possÃveis estratÃgias adaptativas de plantas jovens de coqueiro, cultivar âAnÃo Verdeâ, envolvidas com sua tolerÃncia aos efeitos dos estresses isolados e/ou combinados, salinidade do solo e deficiÃncia hÃdrica. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, CearÃ, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatÃstico de blocos casualizados, no arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica, mediante a imposiÃÃo de distintos percentuais de reposiÃÃes da evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da cultura - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados à crescentes nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos oriundos do PerÃmetro Irrigado Morada Nova - PIMN. Os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as plantas foram avaliados por meio das variÃveis: altura de plantas, nÃmero de folhas, diÃmetro do caule, Ãrea foliar, produÃÃo de biomassa (radicular, parte aÃrea e total), relaÃÃo biomassa seca raiz parte aÃrea-1, Ãndices de tolerÃncia à salinidade, trocas gasosas foliares (condutÃncia estomÃtica, transpiraÃÃo, fotossÃntese, eficiÃncia instantÃnea e intrÃnseca de uso da Ãgua), rendimento quÃntico da fluorescÃncia da clorofila a (Fv Fm-1), teores relativos de clorofila total (Ãndice Spad), teores totais de clorofilas (a+b) e de carotenÃides, potencial hÃdrico foliar, teores foliares e radiculares dos solutos inorgÃnicos (Ãons potÃssio, sÃdio e cloreto) e orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis totais, N - aminossolÃveis e prolina livre) e estado nutricional (teores foliares dos nutrientes nitrogÃnio, fÃsforo, potÃssio, cÃlcio, magnÃsio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, manganÃs e zinco). O crescimento e a produÃÃo de biomassa das plantas sÃo acentuadamente reduzidos pelas condiÃÃes de restriÃÃo hÃdrica e de elevada salinidade do solo, sendo aparentemente mais crÃtica à cultura a restriÃÃo hÃdrica. O grau de estresse hÃdrico à capaz de acentuar a suscetibilidade à salinidade. Os mecanismos fisiolÃgicos sÃo efetivamente limitados quando a deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade atuam isoladamente e/ou em conjunto. Os efeitos do estresse hÃdrico se mostram mais efetivos nas reduÃÃes dos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, em detrimento à salinidade do solo. As magnitudes das respostas fisiolÃgicas das plantas ao suprimento hÃdrico e à salinidade dependem das intensidades do estresses. As respostas fisiolÃgicas adaptativas das plantas estÃo relacionadas, principalmente, à regulaÃÃo estomÃtica. Em condiÃÃes de dÃficit hÃdrico e de salinidade do solo, as plantas apresentam reduÃÃes lineares nos teores totais de clorofilas. Os teores de carotenÃides respondem aos efeitos combinados da disponibilidade hÃdrica e da salinidade do solo e refletem o antagonismo entre estes. O coqueiro apresenta uma sÃrie de mecanismos de ajustes fisiolÃgicos que conferem à espÃcie uma parcial tolerÃncia ao estresse hÃdrico e/ou salino. Os Ãons salinos K+, Na+ e Cl- acumulam-se significativamente em plantas jovens de coqueiro, em detrimento aos solutos orgÃnicos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raÃzes, sendo evidenciada uma aparente retenÃÃo radicular de Ãons. A salinidade nÃo altera os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos, todavia, denotam-se incrementos nos teores foliares e radiculares de prolina livre em resposta à deficiÃncia hÃdrica. A deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade do solo interagem, afetando o estado nutricional das plantas, excetuando o nutriente P. Os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn e Zn crescem positivamente com a ampliaÃÃo da disponibilidade hÃdrica e reduzem-se substancialmente com o aumento da salinidade. A interaÃÃo dos menores nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica com os maiores nÃveis salinos maximiza os teores foliares de Mg e Cu e minimiza os de K. Durante o estabelecimento das plantas jovens de coqueiro, a necessidade de macronutrientes obedece à ordem decrescente: N, K Ca, Mg, S e P e à de micronutrientes: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A nutriÃÃo das plantas mostra-se adequada, excetuando-se, os desequilÃbrios observados nos nutrientes K, Mg, S e Mn. As plantas jovens de coqueiro mostram plena capacidade de estabelecimento nos solos salinizados do PIMN, atà o nÃvel de condutividade elÃtrica correspondente a 6,50 dS m-1, porÃm apenas quando o suprimento hÃdrico se mantÃm adequado. Para os nÃveis de salinidade mais elevados as plantas sobrevivem, contudo o porte das mesmas reduz-se em torno de 50%, mesmo quando plenamente irrigadas.
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Faecal sludge production and management projections in the City of Polokwane, South AfricaMabotha, Phuti Alfred Patrick January 2019 (has links)
Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Polokwane Municipality is currently experiencing water shortages, which is affecting households and industries’ which is used to remove faeces and transport them to the sewage plant through sewer networks, as the system is waterborne. This research study aims at determining the status of faecal sludge management with the aim of developing a faecal sludge management projection plan for the City of Polokwane. The plan will enable the city to understand the current and future levels of faecal sludge production and it will also highlight the water demand for faecal sludge disposal. As a result of this plan, the appropriate systems, which can be used for faecal sludge production, can be managed better and there will be relief in the current non-coping sewage plants in the municipality. The sewage plants are not coping with the amount of faecal sludge due to the growing population and the fact that the infrastructure was built before South Africa’s 1994 democratic dispensation. The empirical enquiry was conducted through the use of the interview guide and the purposive sampling strategy in order to obtain an in-depth context of the subject being studied. The study has noted that the Seshego and Polokwane Sewage Plants are receiving more sewage than they were built for. The only plant that is still within its capacity is the Mankweng Sewage Plant. Currently, the municipality does not have alternative plan to re-use water in the yards. It is also not planning to develop any other form of faecal sludge management to transport faeces from the toilets to the sewage plants despite the use of clean water.
It is questionable as to whether the cleaned water or effluent released from the sewage to the environment meet the required standards. In Polokwane, the released effluent does not go back to the people directly but it is used to recharge 37 boreholes, which are used to supply water to the people. The other challenge in Polokwane Municipality, especially in Mankweng, is the petrol stations, hospitals, and abattoirs whose effluents are creating a problem to the water treatment plants. Therefore, there is a need to have a pre-treatment plants for hospitals and filling stations.
Key Words: Sanitation, faeces, faecal sludge, sewage plants and water borne.
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