L'absorption des biomolécules, en particulier des protéines, sur les implants médicaux joue un rôle important dans le processus d'acceptation de l'implant dans le corps humain. L'activation des surfaces polymères par polymérisation plasma à pression atmosphérique et traitement plasma sont des méthodes utilisées dans les laboratoires des recherches pour modifier la cinétique d'adsorption et la quantité d'adsorbant. Le but de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'absorption des molécules biologiques sur des surfaces polymères modifiées par plasma à pression atmosphérique ou par autoassemblage, d'établir les mécanismes à l'interface et aussi d'établir la liaison entre la conformation des molécules adsorbées et les propriétés de biocompatibilité. / The objective of this thesis is to better understand the absorption mechanisms of biological molecules on surfaces obtained in plasma at atmospheric pressure or by self-assembly, to establish mechanisms at the interface and also establish the link between conformation of proteins adsorbed and the properties of biocompatibility.We studied a discharge at atmospheric pressure to obtain thin films of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with polystyrene copolymer. The characterization of thin polymer films was made using techniques atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the contact angle measurements, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR ) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surfaces were analyzed in terms of biomolecules absorption with atomic force spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance.Studies of the ions and amino acids diffusion through functionalized mesoporous structures by low-pressure plasma are presented. After functionalization, we demonstrate the selectivity of the membrane for a particular class of amino acid, those which have a hydrophilic character.The mechanisms of self-assembly and stabilization of the G type molecules inside of the porous silicon are shown. Because the optical properties of these types of surfaces it can be observed the differences in stability of these molecules on the ionic strength of the different ion which form the structures.