The nature and properties of eight selected Podzols and Cambisols from the eastern United States and north-east Scotland were investigated to determine 1) their pedogenesis from physical, chemical, mineralogical, morphological and micromorphological properties, and 2) soil genesis relationships between the soils. Physical, chemical, mineralogical, morphological and micromorphological analysis were conducted on four soils from each country. The following physical and chemical analyses were conducted: particle size, pH by water, KCl and CaCl₂, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity (CEC), percent base saturation (BS), KCl extractable H and Al, carbon determination, acid-oxalate extractable Al, Fe, Mn and Si, and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extractable Al, Fe and Mn. The mineralogy of the very fine sand fraction was determined by grain counts, while energy dispersive x-ray analyses conducted on a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDXRA) gave details of the composition of coatings, matrix material and other features of selected areas of thin sectors. Petrographic studies of soil thin sections revealed certain micromorphological characteristics and field descriptions gave information on the morphology of the soils. These investigations revealed a wide range of spodic expression in the soil profiles which depended greatly on the combination of parent material, climate, vegetation, relief and time. Of the eight soils studied, six were Podzols and the other two, although having characteristics of Podzols, were classified as Dystric Cambisols. A Carbic Podzol (Georgia) and a Ferric Podzol (New Jersey) both formed in sandy, base deficient coastal plain sediments on flat reliefs at low elevations in the eastern United States.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1957. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-94).

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Investigation has been made into the properties of Red Soils in West Java, Indonesia, selected from two different parent materials. Profiles P. Tb and P. Rb are derived from dacitic tuff and P. Js from pumice volcanic ash, both of which are acid in character. Profiles L. Km, L. Dr and L. Pk are derived from andesitic to basaltic volcanic ash, intermediate to basic in character. For comparison, soils from each group of parent materials were selected to be representative of areas of different climate, ranging from two annual dry months, to no dry month in the year. This study area is reviewed in chapter one. Chapter two discusses the factors and processes of soil formation in the tropics relevant to the soils studied. Chapter three discusses some characteristics of Latosolic and Podzolic soils, criteria for distinguishing them and their position in the Indonesian National Classification system (INCS). Soil clay fractions were extracted by several different selective dissolution methods: Na2CO3 (cold), 0.5 M NaOH (2.5 min boil), IM potassium pyrophosphate and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate. Extraction enhanced the intensity of X-ray diffraction peaks and clarified identification of some minerals that were difficult to distinguish in the untreated clay. The effect was much more pronounced in the Latosolic than inthe Podzolic soils, mainly as a result of the different characteristics of the weathering products of these two groups of soil. Chapter four discusses some previous work that has been carried out in connection with selective dissolution analysis and includes some important new thoughts about microcrystalline minerals. Chapter five describes the methods that have been used in this study. They include particle size analysis, soil reaction (pHH20 and pHKCI), cation exchange properties, total nitrogen and carbon, selective dissolution analysis of clays by several different treatments, X-ray and thermal analyses and micromorphological observations. The principal results of this study are as follows: (i) The physical characteristics of the soils are mostly determined by the parent materials. Micromorphological examination substantiates this by showing the difference in the properties of the clay in these two groups of soils: Latosolic soils contain clay with the properties of flocculated paste; in Podzolic soils the clay is similar in nature to a deflocculated paste(ii) Climate in the study area exerts considerable control over weathering and leaching and determines the chemical properties of the soils. t. iii) In the study area climate and parent material seem to play the most important role in determining the properties of the soils studied. Civ) Microcrystalline and poorly ordered material in the clay fraction are more abundant in Latosolic than in Podzolic soils. Kaolinite is the most abundant clay mineral in profiles P. Tb, P. Rb, L. Km; its degree of crystallinity is greater in Podzolic soils. Other common minerals are (meta) halloysite in profiles P. Dr and P. Js and smectite in profile P. Js. Minor amounts of 2: I and interstratified minerals occur in most soils. Proposals for the improvement of soil classification are suggested: (i) The soils should be classified on the basis of the parent material. (ii) Since CEC is one of the best parameters to illustrate the stage of weathering of these soils it should be used to differentiate perhaps at the group level. Thus, the position of this factor is one level below the position of parent material. (iii) Soil chemical characteristics relate well to the climatic variation in the area. It is suggested that these characteristics should be considered at a lower level than CEC. This lower level should have a close relationship with soil fertility and so, with agricultural practice. The results of this study suggest that further detailed investigation on "Red Soils" in Indonesia, should be carried out on the same lines as here. The aim should be to establish one "Indonesian National Classification System" that is relevant to the conditions, economics and purposes of the country

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 35-39.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Three related aspects of the genesis and chemistry of Ferro-Humic Podzols in coastal British Columbia were investigated: micromorphology, phosphorus forms, and biological aluminum cycling. Profile morphologies display horizon disruption by slope instability and windthrow, with a patchy distribution of organic matter in the solum. Maximum C concentrations often occur at the base of the B horizon above a root-restricting layer. Channel-like features formed by root growth and decomposition provide important hydrologic pathways and may be either strongly enriched in organic matter (> 17% C) and Al, or partially eluviated. Microfabrics of surface organic and eluvial horizons resemble those of other forest Podzols. Organic matter-rich zones within B horizons have distinctive fabrics consisting of amorphous organic materials and/or humified, but recognizable, root detritus. Few living roots occur, suggesting that these features may be relict. Root residues appear to serve as deposition sites of Al and other metals. Such features appear to form through both in situ decomposition and illuviation, with little influence by faunal activity. Bhf horizon fabrics may be dominated by granular aggregates of presumed faunal origin, although with finer textures, microstructures tend to be more blocky. In coarser-textured B horizons, fabrics tend to be dominated by coatings and infillings of organic materials, often with a high proportion of recognizable plant tissue residues. Extraction data suggest the occurrence of allophanic materials in some B horizons with C contents exceeding 15%, with such cases associated with high Fe concentrations. Complex yellow and red colour banding in void infillings may indicate compositional zonation. A sequential phosphorus extraction and fractionation technique indicated a degree of weathering of primary phosphates comparable to that in Ultisols. Although total P was greatly depleted from eluvial horizons, organic P (Po) was dominant throughout the sola of eight profiles. Bicarbonateextractable Po, thought to be the most labile Po fraction, was more abundant than in many Mollisol A horizons. Correlations suggested a role for this fraction in supplying labile inorganic P in B horizons. Levels of resistant residual P in two regional groups of B horizons were directly related to Fe content. Al, organic matter, and Po levels are directly related in B horizons, suggesting a common illuvial origin. Annual return of Al in needle litter (approximately 1 kg ha⁻¹) was similar in both western hemlock and Douglas-fir stands. In fresh hemlock needles, much of the Al content is easily leached by dilute neutral salt solutions; comminution increases this extractability. During decomposition, the proportion of pyrophosphate-extractable Al increases, suggesting a shift to organic-complexed forms. Biologically-cycled forms may comprise much of the Al flux in the upper solum, with litter comminution by soil fauna partially controlling the rate of release during decomposition. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A study was made to: ( i ) investigate the nature and the structural organization of the inorganic amorphous system in podzol soils of British Columbia, (ii) evaluate the relationships between this natural system and artificial amorphous iron-aluminosilicate systems. Results of this study are described in a series of three papers, each describing phases of this study. The successive selective dissolution analysis, combined with infrared spectroscopy technique proved to be suitable for qualitative as well as quantitative determination of the inorganic amorphous system of the soils studied. A structural model for artifical amorphous iron-aluminosilicate systems is discussed and although not considered to be perfect, presents a useful picture of iron-aluminosilicate structures as it offers an explanation for some of the experimental findings recorded. Strong correlations have been found through chemical and physical analyses between the amorphous inorganic system of the soils studied and artificially-prepared iron-aluminosilicate systems, and close structural organization between the two systems is inferred. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

There is little specific information in the literature about the physical characteristics of orthic podzols. Moreover, there is little agreement within what information does exist, especially about the occurrence of a maximum clay content in the B horizon. [...]

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