Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Marques.pdf: 14630401 bytes, checksum: 352c48d8c01e0db8ba6b41f5e8317ec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main subject developed in this dissertation is the characterization of the dynamics of high-dimensional conservative systems using different statistical approaches. Looking at the conservative system phase-space, we can find chaotic and regular regions that are characterized by a random distribution of points and periodic structures formed by closed orbits, respectively. The nonlinearity parameter has a fundamental hole to the occurrence of chaotic trajectories that can get stuck for a finite time on the vicinity of regular regions. This phenomenon is known as stickiness effect and can be identified using different tools as the spectrum of finite time Lyapunov exponents or the recurrence time statistics (RTS), e.g. Throughout this dissertation, we propose to characterize this effect using such approaches and also apply a new methodology which uses the time series of the spectrum of finite time Lyapunov exponents to separate the dynamics in different regimes of motion. For this purpose, we study two conservative systems that are derived from standard map, a symplectic map extensively used to investigate the transition from regular to chaotic dynamic. The first system consists in a chain of coupled standard maps that originates a 2N-dimensional system, where N is the number of coupled maps. Using this system, from the definition of regimes of motion, we obtained the cumulative distribution of the consecutive time that the trajectory spends in a particular regime, which reproduces with a good precision the results obtained when using the RTS. The second system studied was the Modified Standard Map, which is obtained adding an action variable to the standard map. The coupling with an extra dimension allows the penetration of the regular structures by the trajectories, what was forbidden for the two-dimensional case. The application of the method of separation of regimes in this system enables a more detailed analysis of the stickiness effect, showing that only the trajectories located near the regular structures have Local Lyapunov exponents about zero. Thus, the development of this research contributes to a better understanding of the stickiness effect in high-dimensional conservative systems. / O tema principal desenvolvido nesta dissertação de Mestrado está relacionado com o estudo da dinâmica de sistemas conservativos, utilizando diferentes abordagens estatísticas. Ao analisarmos o espaço de fases de um sistema dinâmico pertencente a esta classe, podemos encontrar regiões caóticas e regulares que são caracterizadas pela distribuição aleatória de pontos e por estruturas periódicas formadas por órbitas fechadas, respectivamente. O parâmetro de não-linearidade tem um papel fundamental na existência de trajetórias caóticas que podem ser aprisionadas por um tempo finito nas proximidades das regiões regulares. Este fenômeno é conhecido como efeito stickiness, e pode ser identificado através da utilização de diferentes abordagens como, por exemplo, o espectro de Lyapunov calculado a tempo finito ou a estatística dos tempos de recorrência de Poincaré (ETR). No decorrer desta dissertação, propomos caracterizar o efeito stickiness utilizando tais abordagens, além de aplicar uma nova metodologia que consiste em analisar séries temporais do espectro de expoentes de Lyapunov afim de definir diferentes regimes de movimento. Para isso, estudamos dois sistemas conservativos multidimensionais derivados do mapa padrão, um mapa simplético muito utilizado para a investigação da transição da dinâmica regular para caótica. O primeiro deles consiste em uma rede de mapas padrão acoplados que dá origem a um sistema de 2N-dimensões, sendo N o número de mapas acoplados. Utilizando este sistema, a partir da definição de regimes de movimento, foi possível determinar a distribuição cumulativa do tempo consecutivo que a trajetória permanece em um determinado regime, sendo que os resultados obtidos por meio da análise desta quantidade podem reproduzir de forma satisfatória aqueles obtidos quando utilizamos a ETR. O segundo sistema estudado foi o Mapa Padrão Modificado (MPM), resultante do acoplamento entre uma variável ação extra e o mapa padrão tradicional. O acoplamento com uma dimensão extra permite que trajetórias penetrem nas regiões de regularidade, o que antes era proibido para o caso bidimensional. A aplicação da técnica de separação de regimes neste sistema permite uma análise mais detalhada do efeito stickiness, mostrando que apenas trajetórias que se encontram em torno das estruturas de regularidade possuem expoentes de Lyapunov Locais com valores próximos a zero. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa contribui para o melhor entendimento do efeito stickiness em sistemas conservativos de alta dimensionalidade.

Capture-évolution-éjection de particules par des systèmes binaires (étoile-planète, étoile binaire, étoile-trou noir supermassif, trou noir binaire, ...). Dans une première partie, en utilisant une généralisation de l'application de Kepler, nous décrivons, au travers du cas de 1P/Halley, la dynamique chaotique des comètes dans le système solaire. Le système binaire, alors considéré, est composé du Soleil et de Jupiter. L'application symplectique utilisée permet de rendre compte des différentes caractéristiques de la dynamique : trajectoires chaotiques, îlots invariants de KAM associés aux résonances avec le mouvement orbital de Jupiter,... Nous avons déterminé de façon exacte et semi-analytique l'énergie échangée (fonction kick) entre le système solaire et la comète de Halley à chaque passage au périhélie. Cette fonction kick est la somme des contributions des problèmes à trois corps Soleil-planète-comète associés aux 8 planètes du système solaire. Nous avons montré que chacune de ces contributions peut être décomposée en un terme keplerien associé au potentiel gravitationnel de la planète et un terme dipolaire dû au mouvement du soleil autour du centre de masse du système solaire. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons utilisé la généralisation de l'application de Kepler pour étudier la capture de particules de matière noire au sein des systèmes binaires. La section efficace de capture a été calculée et montre que la capture à longue portée est bien plus efficace que la capture due aux rencontres proches. Nous montrons également l'importance de la vitesse de rotation du système binaire dans le processus de capture. Notamment, un système binaire en rotation ultrarapide accumulera en son sein une densité de matière jusqu'à 10^4 fois celle du flot de matière le traversant. Dans la dernière partie, en intégrant les équations du mouvement du problème à trois corps restreint plan, nous avons étudié l'éjection des particules capturées par un système binaire. Dans le cas d'un système binaire dont les deux corps sont de masses comparables, alors que la majorité des particules sont éjectées immédiatement, nous montrons, sur les sections de Poincaré, que la trace des particules restant indéfiniment aux abords du système binaire forme une structure fractale caractéristique d'un répulseur étrange associé à un système chaotique ouvert. Cette structure fractale, également présente dans l'espace réel, a une forme de spirale à deux bras partageant des similitudes avec les structures spiralées des galaxies comme la nôtre. / This work is devoted to the study of the restricted 3-body problem and particularly to the capture-evolution-ejection process of particles by binary systems (star-planet, binary star, star-supermassive black hole, binary black hole, ...). First, using a generalized Kepler map, we describe, through the case of 1P/Halley, the chaotic dynamics of comets in the Solar System. The here considered binary system is the couple Sun-Jupiter. The symplectic application we use allows us to depict the main characteristics of the dynamics: chaotic trajectories, KAM islands associated to resonances with Jupiter orbital motion, ... We determine exactly and semi-analytically the exchange of energy (kick function) between the Solar System and 1P/Halley at its passage at perihelion. This kick function is the sum of the contributions of 3-body problems Sun-planet-comet associated to the eight planets. We show that each one of these contributions can be split in a keplerian term associated to the planet gravitational potential and a dipolar term due to the Sun movement around Solar System center of mass. We also use the generalized Kepler map to study the capture of dark matter particles by binary systems. We derive the capture cross section showing that long range capture is far more efficient than close encounter induced capture. We show the importance of the rotation velocity of the binary in the capture process. Particularly, a binary system with an ultrafast rotation velocity accumulates a density of captured matter up to 10^4 times the density of the incoming flow of matter. Finally, by direct integration of the planar restricted 3-body problem equations of motion, we study the ejection of particles initially captured by a binary system. In the case of a binary with two components of comparable masses, although almost all the particles are immediately ejected, we show, on Poincaré sections, that the trace of remaining particles in the vicinity of the binary form a fractal structure associated to a strange repeller associated to chaotic open systems. This fractal structure, also present in real space, has a shape of two arm spiral sharing similarities with spiral structures observed in galaxies such as the Milky Way.