Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Mater of Arts in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1995. / The police role appears to be a controversial issue since the evolution of modem policing in Great Britain with the establishment of the Metropolitan Police under the leadership of Sir Robert Peel in 1829. The South African Police Service. and in particular the erstwhile Venda police. are no exceptions to the rule. The primary aim of this investigation revolves around the statistical measurement of the perceptions and attitudes of respondents pertaining to the role and functions of the Venda police. For this purpose. a sample group of 406 respondents. arbitrarily selected from four areas. namely : Thohoyandou, Makwarela, Sibasa and Shayandirna, were subjected to a closed. structured questionnaire regarding various aspects of the role and operational function of this independent police force. Statistical tests, such as the F-test, were implemented to test for significance and reliability of data obtained from questionnaires. The statistical results only represent the perceptions and attitudes of the research group towards the Venda police. The findings indicate: • that the majority of the respondents perceive the role and function of the Venda police as an important social service; • that both male and female respondents have significant different perceptions of the police role as it relates to the operational rendering of this social service function; •. insignificant differences between the various educational qualification groups pertaining to police partiality. abuse of power and authority, lack of knowledge and imperiousness on the part of the police are observed; • an unwillingness among the sample group to report crime to the police due to, inter alia. the inability of the police to effectively solve criminal cases, an arrogant attitude among police officials. etc.; and • that in general. the global image of the Venda police is somewhat negatively evaluated by the total research group. Recommendations are as follows: • the cultivation of a better understanding of the police role by means of facilitating closer contact and co-operation with the public; • to provide an improved social service to the public by means of rapid responses to calls for assistance and complaints; • establishing a police-citizen partnership in crime prevention by means of implementing a community style of policing; • improving the educational qualifications and training procedures of policemen.

Submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophiae IN THE DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE FACULTY OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2011. / This thesis is about the perceptions of Madadeni residents about the police and policing in the Madadeni area. It is a qualitative study and attention was paid to the development of Madadeni Township and the police station, and the views of residents (including police members) about the police and policing activities in the different areas of Madadeni were investigated. The police and police performance were discussed in the light of the residents (respondents) views / perceptions regarding them. Recommendations were made to improve the existing service-deliveries and to improve the safety and security of residents at Madadeni.

Thesis (D. Ed.)--University of Technology Sydney, 2007.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Ivan Yihshyan Sun, Dept. of Sociology. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves 150-165.

This study examines the development of police stop and search in Scotland from the post-war period onwards. The aim is to explain the remarkable scale of stop and search, the attendant lack of political or academic engagement prior to the formation of the single service in in April 2013, and to draw out the implications, both for policing and the public. The thesis takes a top-down perspective which seeks to explain the policing direction in terms of elite outlooks and decision-making over time. It is argued that search rates in contemporary Scotland can be explained in terms of an incremental shift in the way that the tactic has been conceptualized by political and policing elites. Specifically, it is argued that the post-war construct of stop and search as a reactive mechanism premised on investigation, detection and the disruption of crime, has been displaced by a proactive model, premised on intensive, risk-based stop and search activity. It is argued that this shift has partly attenuated the link between stop searches and suspicious behaviour by introducing non-detection as a measure of successful deterrence, alongside the traditional aim of detection. In short, it is argued that stop and search has been remodelled as a tactic that can be legitimated irrespective of the outcome. The thesis will show how this shift has progressively weighted the balance between crime control and individual freedom in favour of the state, and weakened the rights of the individual, with minimal regard for procedural protection and human rights. The thesis employs a wide range of data sources and methodologies to investigate the core argument, which is developed from three interrelated positions. First, taking a historical perspective, the thesis examines elite sensibilities and decision-making in relation to stop and search from the early 1950s, through to the early 2000s. Next, the thesis adopts an empirical position to investigate the use of stop and search between 2005 and 2010, and shows how search activity on the street reflected dominant outlooks higher up the ranks. Finally, the thesis adopts a normative perspective in order to assess the ethical implications of stop and search practice in Scotland, and to develop a series of informed recommendations for policy and practice.

no / Verbal-textual hostility plays a significant role in victims¿ subjective perceptions of hatred and police officers¿ assessment of a hate crime. Yet, to date, the role of hate speech in hate crime has been largely uninterrogated. The aim of this research project is to assess and evaluate the forensic possibilities contained in a closer reading of the words used in hate crimes. Through a critical discourse analysis of incident characteristics and officers¿ narratives of incidents, this report maps out how key hate speech-text indicators may assist to better evaluate the force and effects of hate crimes. It is expected that this type of contextual analysis will lead to the development of more sophisticated risk assessment tools for use in frontline policing, and more targeted service-enhancements for victims of hate crimes.

Yes / This paper explores the early history of ¿non-lethal¿1 weapons development covering the period from the 1960¿s, when several diverse weapons were first grouped together in one category and described as ¿non-lethal¿ by law enforcement end-users and policymakers, until 1989, just before the hugely increased interest in the field that developed during the 1990¿s amongst both police and military organisations. It describes the origins and emergence of new weapons, examining this process with reference to technological advances, wider socio-political context, legal developments, and evolution of associated institutional structures. Developments in both the policing and military spheres are considered as well as the interconnections between them. Necessarily this paper focuses on events in the US2, in part because it led the way in this field but also because sources of information on US activities are more readily available.3.

yes / This is the third in a series of Occasional Papers published by the Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project. It addresses the contemporary development of anti-personnel ¿non-lethal¿1 weapons, covering the period from 2000 to 2006 inclusive2 and focusing on the research and development programmes of the US Department of Defense and Department of Justice. Following Occasional Paper No. 1, The Early History of "Non-Lethal" Weapons,3 and Occasional Paper No. 2, The Development of ¿Non-Lethal¿ Weapons During the 1990¿s,4 this paper completes our analysis of the overall development of ¿non-lethal¿ weapons from their inception up to the present day.

This thesis deals with the tasks, activities, competences and education system of police and city police in order to comparing and proposing of the methodological tools for effective and efficient cooperation between the two components. Although each component has a very different structure and organization and substantive and territorial jurisdiction, activities of city police in some areas closely linked with the activities of police (supervision of public order in the city) or it is linked to the activities of police (reporting of crimes the police). Currently, there is necessary that the both components cooperated with one another, have functional channels and are constantly informed about important matters that take place within the activity of the components (police inform about search persons, about robberies, burglaries). Similarly, the education system and its form in the police and local police is very different simply because the police as a component of the state is organized from the central level, while the individual city police is controlled from the local level. Therefore depends on the decision of who controls the local city police, what kind of above standard training would provide police officers and what funds can allocate to this training. Currently, many city police have more available funds for equipment, instrumentation or training than the police, but on the other side missing some permissions that would help them operate more efficiently. The minor modification of an existing legislative authority of the municipal police would often resolve cases without the same time necessary police assistance The aim of this thesis is to outline how the city police could cooperate with the police more intensively and effectively in cities, provided that they solved some minor problems, and also propose optimal level of police officeres training in cities.