Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. / Prepared for: Dept. of Public Policy and Administration. Title from resource description page of electronic thesis. Includes bibliographical references. Unavailable until 5/12/2020.

Title: Principles of safety measures of sports events organizers without the involvement of police Objectives: The aim of this thesis is a description of security measures at sporting events organizers. Methods: The thesis theoretical style is focused on searching for available sources of study and research, and writing their summary comparing safety measures of the organizers. Results: This work describes the activities of the organizers of sports events and precautions that must be provided prior to each sports organizer game. The work includes development of both selected sports, a description of spectator violence and groups on spectator violence most often involved. Keywords: safety, organizer, sports events, violence, viewer

Sous la Révolution, la régénération absolue de la justice passe par la création d’un système judiciaire totalement nouveau qui se concrétise par la loi des 16-24 août 1790 dont l’une des grandes innovations est la création des justices de paix en matière civile. Compétent en matière civile, le juge de paix se voit attribuer d’importantes fonctions répressives par deux lois successives : le décret des 19-22 juillet 1791 relatif à l’organisation de la police municipale et correctionnelle et le décret du 16-29 septembre 1791 relatif à la police de sûreté, la justice criminelle et l’établissement des jurés. Le législateur le désigne, par ailleurs, avec la loi des 28-6 octobre 1791, juge de la police rurale. Le juge de paix joue un rôle essentiel dans la procédure pénale. Par ses fonctions d’officier de police de sûreté il est chargé d’instruire toutes les affaires quelle que soit leur gravité. En outre, il juge toutes celles qui relèvent de la compétence du tribunal de police correctionnelle. Cette omniprésence du juge de paix présente deux inconvénients majeurs : elle contredit le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs en attribuant au même organe des attributions de police et de justice ; elle ne répond pas aux exigences de la répression politique en laissant au même homme le soin de poursuivre toutes les infractions. Aussi, dès 1792, le législateur divise-t-il la police de sûreté en deux branches : la sûreté privée et la sûreté générale confiant cette dernière aux municipalités. L’étude de l’activité des juges de paix dans trois grandes villes de l’Hérault et du Gard, Montpellier, Béziers et Nîmes, démontre que pendant une période de quatre ans, ces derniers ont exercé leurs attributions entre police et justice. Il faudra attendre le Code du 3 brumaire an IV qui désignera le juge de paix comme officier de police judiciaire et qui instituera les tribunaux correctionnels, pour séparer de manière plus claire les deux fonctions. / The laws of August 16th and the 24th off 1790 happened during the creation of the judiciary system which was during the time of the revolution and was seen as a big innovation/motivation towards peace in civil matters. The judge of peace is assigned two laws ; which are a repressive and successive law : 1. The decree of July the 19th and the 22nd in relation to the organisation of the municipal police and the police court 2. The decree of September the 29th 1791 in relation to the security police, the criminal justice and the establishment of the jurors. The legislator nominates him with the laws of October the 28th september and the 6th october 1791 as judge of the rural police. The judge of peace plays an essential role in the criminal procedure. Through his functions of safety police officer he has the responsibility of investigating every case regardless off their severity. He judges those within the jurisdiction of the court of police. This omnipresence has two major drawbacks; it contradicts the principle of the separation of the powers by giving it the same duties of police and justice. It does not meet the requirements of the political repression by leaving it to the same man the task of pursuing all the offences regardless off what they are. In 1792, the legislator divided the security police into two branches : private security and general security entrusting the latter to municipalities. Research was done in three big cities; Hérault and Gard, Montpellier, Béziers and Nîmes off the activities of the judges of peace which shows that during their first four years, they discharged their attributions between the police and justice. It will take the Code of Brumaire the 3rd , year IV which will nominate the judge of peace as officer of police court and will investigate criminal courts, to separate in a clearer way the two functions.

I was brought to the topic of the thesis by the present state of the Police of the Czech Republic as one of the basic components of the Integrated Rescue System, carrying the largest part of the responsibility while securing the public order and the internal safety of the state. The target of the thesis was defining the changes concerning its activity while treating extraordinary events in connection with the effectiveness of the Act No. 273/2008 Coll., of Czech Republic Police and proposing own legislative changes which would define its additional necessary powers. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the basic characterization of the Integrated Rescue System is given, the basic concepts of crisis management and legislation in the field of internal safety and public order are defined and the activity of the Czech Republic Police during the usual service performance and treatment of the extraordinary events not achieving the intensity of crisis situation in connection with taking extraordinary safety measures during large-scale social interventions in connection with the issue of extremism, terrorism and civic disorders is described. In the practical part of the thesis, the changes in the organization of the Police of the Czech Republic and in its activity during securing extraordinary safety events, particularly Order Unites and Permanent Order Unites in connection with its reform and effectiveness of the above mentioned law were described. Utilizing the results of this thesis was directed on suggesting the changes of legal regulation which could contribute to the more effective utilization of sources and means of Integrated Rescue System and protection of its employees. The results of the thesis could be one of further sources providing summarizing information for the issue of crisis management in the Czech Republic Police with focus on performing the tasks during extraordinary events while elaborating new methodic instructions or they could be used during the teaching at the Faculty of Health and Social Studies of the South Bohemian University in České Budějovice.