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Conformational polymorphism of modafinil investigated using DFT calculations and vibrational spectroscopy / Polimorfismo conformacional no modafinil investigado atravÃs de cÃlculos DFT e espectroscopia vibracional.Alexandre Rocha Paschoal 17 July 2007 (has links)
Polymorphism, defined as the ability of a molecule (or a set of molecules) to adopt several packing arrangements, became, in the last decades, a field of research on its own. Among other advantages of studying polymorphic systems, one can cite the study of the influence of molecular packing on solid-state properties, a better understanding of nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms. These advantages became relevant due to their impacts on the control of bioavailability and processes in pharmaceutical industry. In the present work we study the polymorphism of a pharmaceutical substance, the modafinil, which is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of the ProvigilÂ. Modafinil, whose chemical name and structural formula are, respectively, 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide and C15H15NO2S, is indicated in the treatment of narcolepsy, specifically the excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), which is a narcolepsy side effect. Up to now, seven polymorphic forms of modafinil have been observed and the polymorphic forms I and III are the most stable ones. The determination of the crystalline structures of the forms I and III showed that there are two independent molecules, which are enantiomers, in each one of these polymorphs. Besides, modafinil has been crystallized in the forms R and S obtained after the separation of the enantiomers. DFT calculations were performed to investigate the conformational stability of the molecules of modafinil. The main torsions of the molecules were scanned in order to identify the stable conformations, which were compared with independent ones obtained from the crystalline structures determined experimentally. For each calculated conformation, we also calculated the vibrational spectra. These theoretical results were compared with the Raman spectra of the polymorph III of modafinil. In such a way, the main features of the vibrational spectra that allow the polymorph discrimination were correlated with molecular groups associated to these vibrational modes providing an insight into the intra- and intermolecular interaction associated to the polymorphism of modafinil. / O polimorfismo, definido como a habilidade de uma molÃcula (ou um conjunto de molÃculas) de adotar diferentes arranjos estruturais, tornou-se, nas Ãltimas dÃcadas, um campo de pesquisa bastante intenso. Dentre outras vantagens de estudar sistemas polimÃrficos, podemos destacar o estudo da influÃncia do empacotamento molecular nas propriedades de estado sÃlido, um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de crescimento dos cristais. Estas caracterÃsticas ganharam relevÃncia devido a seu impacto no controle da biodisponibilidade e dos processos da indÃstria farmacÃutica. Neste trabalho, focamos nosso estudo no polimorfismo de uma substÃncia farmacÃutica, o modafinil, que à o ingrediente ativo no ProvigilÂ. O modafinil, cuja nomenclatura quÃmica e fÃrmula molecular sÃo, respectivamente, 2-[(difenilmetil)sulfinil]acetamida e C15H15NO2S, à indicado para o tratamento da narcolepsia, mais especificamente o "excesso de sono diurno", que à uma das conseqÃÃncias desta doenÃa. Atà agora, sete formas polimÃrficas do modafinil foram observadas, sendo as formas I e III as mais estÃveis. A determinaÃÃo da estrutura cristalina das formas I e III mostra que existem duas molÃculas independentes em cada um desses polimorfos, as quais sÃo enantiÃmeras. AlÃm disso, o modafinil tambÃm foi cristalizado nas formas R e S obtidas apÃs a separaÃÃo dos enantiÃmeros. Neste trabalho usamos cÃlculos de DFT para investigar a estabilidade conformacional do modafinil. As principais torÃÃes das molÃculas foram varridas com o objetivo de identificar as conformaÃÃes estÃveis, que foram entÃo comparadas com as molÃculas independentes observadas nas estruturas cristalinas determinadas experimentalmente. Para cada conformaÃÃo calculada, tambÃm determinamos o espectro vibracional. Esses resultados teÃricos foram comparados com o espectro Raman do polimorfo III do modafinil. As principais caracterÃsticas do espectro vibracional, que permitem a caracterizaÃÃo do polimorfo, foram relacionadas com os grupos moleculares associados aos modos normais de vibraÃÃo, fornecendo informaÃÃes sobre as interaÃÃes intra- e intermoleculares associadas com o polimorfismo do modafinil.
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