The dissertation is devoted to the development of a systematic theory of political experience. While this project involves, at first, the synthesis of the pragmatist tradition in political philosophy into a theory of reconstructive empiricism, it also entails the elaboration of this revision of political epistemology into a paradigmatic theory of human action. Using this paradigmatic theory of human action as the basis of analysis, an examination then follows of three generalized modes of political experience, and of the relationships which hold between them. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La manipulación fotográfica es un tema que poco se ha tratado. El siguiente trabajo analiza tres casos de manipulación fotográfica en la política peruana reciente. Las fotografías presentadas causaron polémica por demostrarse que fueron alteradas mediante diversos mecanismos que fueron escondidos y ocultados para dotarle de una realidad totalmente errada a lo que puede aproximarse la interpretación subjetiva del periodista. Posteriormente de la publicación, personas terceras publicaron las imágenes originales para desmentir las manipulaciones impuestas. Los casos presentados relevantes para la opinión pública fueron manipulados mediante dos mecanismos: la descontextualización de la imagen y la alteración digital. De esta manera, los actores políticos o medios de comunicación que publicaron estas imágenes buscaban cambiar el sentido de estas para construir una realidad distinta no acorde con lo que en realidad pasó, con el fin de alimentar sus intereses políticos o personales. / Photo manipulation is a topic that has not been discussed much. The following work analyzes three cases of photographic manipulation in recent Peruvian politics. The photographs presented caused controversy because it was shown that they were altered through various mechanisms that were hidden and hidden to provide a totally wrong reality to which the subjective interpretation of the journalist can approximate. After the publication, third parties published the original images to deny the manipulations imposed. The cases presented relevant to public opinion were manipulated through two mechanisms: decontextualization of the image and digital alteration. In this way, the political actors or media that published these images sought to change their meaning in order to build a different reality not in accordance with what actually happened, in order to feed their political or personal interests. / Trabajo de investigación