My thesis examines the evolutionary significance of polydomy using the ant Iridomyrmex purpureus as a model species. In polydomous colonies, several nests are separated spatially, but connected socially by the interchange of workers, brood and food. The nature of interactions among ants from different nests of a polydomous colony varies from totally cooperative to indifference, and often the different nests within a colony may have some kind of separate identity. Polydomy is fairly common among ants, and while it has attracted some theoretical attention, there have been few empirical studies. (For complete abstract open document)

Ant colonies are often considered to be a superorganism, exhibiting complex collective behaviors, reproducing at the colony level, and dividing functional roles among groups of workers. For this reason, it is often appropriate to study ant behavior at the colony, rather than the individual, level. In this study, I investigated decision-making and foraging behavior in colonies of several species belonging to the ant community of Sonoran Desert scrub habitat. First, I used laboratory experiments to examine how the spatial structure of Crematogaster torosa colonies changes in response to the availability of temporally stable food sources. I found that in this polydomous species the formation of nests is associated with foraging, but that colonies will build broodless structures called “oustations” regardless of food presence. Next, I examined colony spatial structure of a related polydomous species, Crematogaster opuntiae, in the field. I found that colonies used large foraging territories up to three hectares in size, containing up to twenty nest entrances interconnected by a network of trails. Nest location appeared to be related to foraging, with nests located close to extrafloral nectar-secreting cacti (Ferocactus wislizeni) and a negative relationship between cactus density and territory size. Within colonies, forager behavior on neighboring cacti was not independent at short distances, suggesting that separate plants in this system cannot be treated as independent replicates. In the third chapter, I used an individual-based simulation model to investigate the effects of individual worker behavior on the ability of pheromone-recruiting ant colonies to maintain trails to multiple food sources simultaneously. Interestingly, small changes in the behavior rules used by individuals led to large-scale changes in emergent behaviors at the colony level. Lastly, I used field experiments to relate the ability of colonies of three ant species to maintain multiple trails to their ranking in the community competitive dominance hierarchy. I found that the most dominant species tended to forage asymmetrically, whereas the least dominant species exhibited more symmetrical patterns of foraging. The ability of ant colonies to collectively maintain multiple trails may therefore be an adaptive trait linked to the foraging ecology of species.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caldato_n_me_botfca.pdf: 1199444 bytes, checksum: a266f0f69f1104ee7f6a8234af4799b0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A biologia das espécies e subespécies de Acromyrmex foi até então pouco estudada. A espécie Acromyrmex balzani é uma típica formiga cortadeira de gramíneas e é encontrada em alta densidade em pastagens. Apesar de sua importância como praga, estudos sobre sua biologia e comportamento ainda são escassos. Com o intuito de se estudar a biologia de A. balzani (Emery, 1890), foram realizados experimentos que abordaram vários aspectos biológicos, como: arquitetura externa e interna dos ninhos, tamanho populacional, número de castas físicas e polidomia. A arquitetura externa e interna dos ninhos é muito simples. São pouco profundos e apresentam poucas câmaras. O formato das câmaras e túneis é irregular, e em alguns ninhos foram encontradas apenas uma câmara. Não possuem câmaras com lixo, sendo o mesmo depositado externamente. A deposição de terra solta aparente ocorre nas épocas mais quentes do ano. Os resultados do experimento relacionado ao tamanho dos ninhos indicaram que a população desta espécie cresce à medida que aumenta o volume do fungo e demonstraram que as operárias pequenas foram as mais predominantes e as grandes representaram a porção intermediária. Em relação à morfometria das operárias, apesar de existirem variações de alguns parâmetros, os dados sugerem o agrupamento de três subcastas (pequenas, médias e grandes). A hipótese da ocorrência de polidomia nos ninhos foi provada, porque o que determina tal condição é que as colônias devem ser divididas em subninhos e isso ocorre em A. balzani. Foi constatado que as colônias podem apresentar apenas um subninho ou vários subninhos. No presente trabalho foram encontrados até 8 subninhos por colônia e a maioria dos ninhos escavados eram polidômicos. Entre os subninhos de cada colônia, não existem ligações internas por canais. A comunicação é feita externamente, ou seja, as operárias... / Acromyrmex balzani (Emery 1890) is a typical grass-cutting ant extremely abundant and easily found in Brazilian grasslands. Despite the pest status, there is a lack of studies involving its biology and behavior. Aiming better understand the species biology, experiments involving some biological aspects like: external and internal nest architecture, population size, physical caste organization, and polydomism were developed. i) Architecture: external and internal nest architecture is relatively simple if compared with some members of the tribe Attini. Nests are not so deep and composed for just few chambers. Tunnels and chambers have an irregular shape and in some nests just a single chamber occurs. There is no dump chamber since the exhausted substrate is disposed outside the nest and loose soil deposits occur during warmer periods of the year. ii) Population size: results indicate that the greater the mass of the fungus grown by the ants the higher the population and those small workers are more abundant than larger ones. iii) Physical caste: about morphometric standards, data suggests the occurrence of three sub-castes (small, medium and large workers) despite variations do exist. iv) Polydomism: the occurrence of polydomism is characterized by the co-occurrence of sub-nests, condition herein confirmed. Colonies could consist of one or more sub-nests. At this present work most of them were polydomics with a maximum of 8 sub-nests per colony and no internal tunnels connecting these structures were found. Connections are extern and workers displacing among sub-nests by using the foraging hole. One single queen was found at each colony it belonging to a single sub-nest

Resumo: A biologia das espécies e subespécies de Acromyrmex foi até então pouco estudada. A espécie Acromyrmex balzani é uma típica formiga cortadeira de gramíneas e é encontrada em alta densidade em pastagens. Apesar de sua importância como praga, estudos sobre sua biologia e comportamento ainda são escassos. Com o intuito de se estudar a biologia de A. balzani (Emery, 1890), foram realizados experimentos que abordaram vários aspectos biológicos, como: arquitetura externa e interna dos ninhos, tamanho populacional, número de castas físicas e polidomia. A arquitetura externa e interna dos ninhos é muito simples. São pouco profundos e apresentam poucas câmaras. O formato das câmaras e túneis é irregular, e em alguns ninhos foram encontradas apenas uma câmara. Não possuem câmaras com lixo, sendo o mesmo depositado externamente. A deposição de terra solta aparente ocorre nas épocas mais quentes do ano. Os resultados do experimento relacionado ao tamanho dos ninhos indicaram que a população desta espécie cresce à medida que aumenta o volume do fungo e demonstraram que as operárias pequenas foram as mais predominantes e as grandes representaram a porção intermediária. Em relação à morfometria das operárias, apesar de existirem variações de alguns parâmetros, os dados sugerem o agrupamento de três subcastas (pequenas, médias e grandes). A hipótese da ocorrência de polidomia nos ninhos foi provada, porque o que determina tal condição é que as colônias devem ser divididas em subninhos e isso ocorre em A. balzani. Foi constatado que as colônias podem apresentar apenas um subninho ou vários subninhos. No presente trabalho foram encontrados até 8 subninhos por colônia e a maioria dos ninhos escavados eram polidômicos. Entre os subninhos de cada colônia, não existem ligações internas por canais. A comunicação é feita externamente, ou seja, as operárias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Acromyrmex balzani (Emery 1890) is a typical grass-cutting ant extremely abundant and easily found in Brazilian grasslands. Despite the pest status, there is a lack of studies involving its biology and behavior. Aiming better understand the species biology, experiments involving some biological aspects like: external and internal nest architecture, population size, physical caste organization, and polydomism were developed. i) Architecture: external and internal nest architecture is relatively simple if compared with some members of the tribe Attini. Nests are not so deep and composed for just few chambers. Tunnels and chambers have an irregular shape and in some nests just a single chamber occurs. There is no dump chamber since the exhausted substrate is disposed outside the nest and loose soil deposits occur during warmer periods of the year. ii) Population size: results indicate that the greater the mass of the fungus grown by the ants the higher the population and those small workers are more abundant than larger ones. iii) Physical caste: about morphometric standards, data suggests the occurrence of three sub-castes (small, medium and large workers) despite variations do exist. iv) Polydomism: the occurrence of polydomism is characterized by the co-occurrence of sub-nests, condition herein confirmed. Colonies could consist of one or more sub-nests. At this present work most of them were polydomics with a maximum of 8 sub-nests per colony and no internal tunnels connecting these structures were found. Connections are extern and workers displacing among sub-nests by using the foraging hole. One single queen was found at each colony it belonging to a single sub-nest / Orientador: Luiz Carlos Forti / Coorientador: Ana Paula Protti de Andrade Crusciol / Banca: Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin / Banca: Maria Apareicida Castellani / Mestre

abstract: Ant colonies provide numerous opportunities to study communication systems that maintain the cohesion of eusocial groups. In many ant species, workers have retained their ovaries and the ability to produce male offspring; however, they generally refrain from producing their own sons when a fertile queen is present in the colony. Although mechanisms that facilitate the communication of the presence of a fertile queen to all members of the colony have been highly studied, those studies have often overlooked the added challenge faced by polydomous species, which divide their nests across as many as one hundred satellite nests resulting in workers potentially having infrequent contact with the queen. In these polydomous contexts, regulatory phenotypes must extend beyond the immediate spatial influence of the queen. This work investigates mechanisms that can extend the spatial reach of fertility signaling and reproductive regulation in three polydomous ant species. In Novomessor cockerelli, the presence of larvae but not eggs is shown to inhibit worker reproduction. Then, in Camponotus floridanus, 3-methylheptacosane found on the queen cuticle and queen-laid eggs is verified as a releaser pheromone sufficient to disrupt normally occurring aggressive behavior toward foreign workers. Finally, the volatile and cuticular hydrocarbon pheromones present on the cuticle of Oecophylla smaragdina queens are shown to release strong attraction response by workers; when coupled with previous work, this result suggests that these chemicals may underly both the formation of a worker retinue around the queen as well as egg-located mechanisms of reproductive regulation in distant satellite nests. Whereas most previous studies have focused on the short-range role of hydrocarbons on the cuticle of the queen, these studies demonstrate that eusocial insects may employ longer range regulatory mechanisms. Both queen volatiles and distributed brood can extend the range of queen fertility signaling, and the use of larvae for fertility signaling suggest that feeding itself may be a non-chemical mechanism for reproductive regulation. Although trail laying in mass-recruiting ants is often used as an example of complex communication, reproductive regulation in ants may be a similarly complex example of insect communication, especially in the case of large, polydomous ant colonies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2020