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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / Two experiments were carried out to determine the effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake, digestibility, and growth rate of indigenous Pedi goats fed ad libitum Buffalo grass, Buchloe dactyloides, hay. The first experiment lasted for 37 days, with the first 30 days being for adaptation and the last 7 days being for collection. Twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 22 ± 0.5 kg live weight were allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained 120 g crude protein per kg DM, indicating its potential as a browse source for ruminants. It, also, contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins, both extracted (0.37 % DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Increasing the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation to 120 g increased (P<0.05) crude protein intake (38 g/kg DM) when compared to 80 g supplementation (34 g/kg DM). Supplementation with 23 g PEG 4000 increased (P<0.05) the crude protein intake where goats were supplemented with 120 g of A. nilotica leaf meal. However, PEG 4000 supplementation did not have an effect (P>0.05) on intake when goats were supplemented with 80 g of Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with 120 g of Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased (P<0.05) diet digestibility of DM (0.57), OM (0.60) and CP (0.71) by the goats. Similarly, supplementation with 23 g PEG 4000 increased (P<0.05) DM (0.65), OM (0.66) and v CP digestibilities (0.76) where goats were supplemented with 120 g of A. nilotica leaf meal. Polyethylene glycol 4000 also increased (P<0.05) diet CP digestibility where goats were supplemented with 80 g of Acacia nilotica leaf meal. However, 23 g PEG 4000 did not have a significant (P>0.05) effect on diet digestibility of DM and OM where goats were supplemented with 80 g of Acacia nilotica leaf meal. In vivo NDF and ADF digestibility were not affected by the treatments. Level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g of PEG 4000 had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the daily live weight change of the goats. The effect was higher where goats were supplemented with 120 g of A. nilotica leaf meal when compared to 80 g supplementation. Blood urea concentrations were improved (P<0.05) by level of A. nilotica supplementation and PEG supplementation. It is concluded that PEG 4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of Acacia nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation and PEG 4000 supplementation on in vitro diet digestibility. Level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG supplementation improved (P<0.05) in vitro diet DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P<0.05) in vitro diet CP digestibility where 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. However, level of A. nilotica supplementation plus PEG 4000 supplementation had no vi effect (P>0.05) on in vitro NDF and ADF digestibilities. In vivo diet DM, OM and CP digestibilities were positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated with in vitro diet DM, OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro diet DM, OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo diet DM, OM and CP digestibilities. / National Research Foundation. Working Solutions International

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-03T11:42:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Klícia Mendes Caetano - 2018.pdf: 2847916 bytes, checksum: 2eaea78563b91986afd782253b20323a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-03T11:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Klícia Mendes Caetano - 2018.pdf: 2847916 bytes, checksum: 2eaea78563b91986afd782253b20323a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T11:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renata Klícia Mendes Caetano - 2018.pdf: 2847916 bytes, checksum: 2eaea78563b91986afd782253b20323a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The growing interest in bioactive compounds from renewable natural sources has stimulated more and more studies aimed at increasing the supply of this market. An example is phycobiliproteins, dyes used in various areas, such as food, pharmacological and cosmetic. The microalgae arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) is one of the organisms that stands out most in the production of these dyes, producing allophycocyanin and phycocyanin; these two dyes are the ones that today have more demand in the market. These proteins have their application determined from their degree of purity obtained with the absorbance ratio read at 620 nm of the extract used for the absorbance read at 280 nm. For use of these dyes, in the food area, a purity value greater than 0.7 should be obtained, and for use in the analytical area, the purity should be greater than 4.0. In view of the importance of these dyes and their degree of purity, in order to develop means of obtaining phycobiliproteins in a purity satisfactory for use in food industries, phase separation techniques were used in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) to evaluate the action of pH, phosphate salt concentration and the concentration of low chlorine content cationic polymer and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) on the efficiency of the extraction and purification process of Spirulina crude extract and also in the pre-purified extract of phycocyanin obtained by centrifugation. For this, a first experiment was carried out using a factorial design 2 4 to evaluate the variables that most influenced the extraction and purification of phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and purity of the extract. Values of 2.6 mg.mL -1 were reached for phycocyanin concentration, 1.4 mg.mL -1 for the allophycocyanin concentration and 1.6 for the purity of the extract. The significance of the PEG 4000 and PBC polymers was observed for extraction and purification of phycobiliproteins. Then, a second design was carried out, a Rotational Central Composite Design (RCCD) 2 2 , fixing the phosphate salt, pH and varying the PEG and low chlorine content cationic polymer concentrations. At the end of the extraction, it was possible to find concentrations of 2.7 mg.mL -1 for Phycocyanin, 1.3 mg.mL -1 of allophycocyanin and 2.5 for the purity of the extract, evidencing that the techniques used are effective for the extraction process and purification of phycobiliproteins, in which the levels achieved allow their use and application in food industry. / O crescente interesse por compostos bioativos de fontes naturais renováveis tem estimulado cada vez mais estudos que visam aumentar a oferta deste mercado. Um exemplo são as ficobiliproteínas, corantes utilizados em diversas áreas, como alimentícia, farmacológica e cosmética. A microalga Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis) é um dos organismos que mais se destaca na produção destes corantes, produzindo a Aloficocianina e, principalmente, a Ficocianina, sendo estes dois corantes os que, hoje, mais têm demanda no mercado. Essas proteínas têm sua aplicação determinada a partir de seu grau de pureza, obtido com a relação da absorbância lida a 620 nm do extrato utilizado pela absorbância lida de 280 nm. Para utilização destes corantes na área alimentícia, deve-se obter valor de pureza maior que 0,7 e para sua utilização na área analítica, a pureza deve ser maior que 4,0. Tendo em vista a importância destes corantes e seu grau de pureza, a fim de se desenvolver meios de obtenção das ficobiliproteínas em um grau de pureza satisfatório para utilização em indústriasalimentícias, foram utilizadas técnicas de separação por fases em sistemas aquosos bifásicos (SAB) para avaliar a ação do pH, da concentração de sal fosfato, e da concentração dos polímeros catiônicos com baixo teor de cloro e polietilenoglicol 4000 (PEG 4000) na eficiência do processo de extração e purificação do extrato bruto da Spirulina, e também, em extrato pré-purificado de ficocianina obtido por processo de centrifugação. Para tal, realizou-se um primeiro experimento utilizando um planejamento fatorial 2 4 para a avaliação das variáveis que mais influenciaram na extração e purificação da ficocianina, da aloficocianina e da pureza do extrato. Foram atingidos valores de 2,6 mg.mL -1 para concentração de ficocianina, valor de 1,4 mg.mL -1 para concentração de aloficocianina e 1,6 mg.mL -1 para a pureza do extrato. Foi observada a significância dos polímeros PEG 4000 e polímeros catiônicos com baixo teor de cloro para extração e purificação das ficobiliproteínas. Então foi realizado um segundo delineamento, sendo um DCCR - Composto Central Rotacional 2 2 , fixando as variáveis de sal fosfato e pH; e variando as concentrações de PEG 4000 e polímeros catiônicos com baixo teor de cloro. Ao final da extração, foi possível encontrar concentrações de 2,7 mg.mL -1 para Ficocianina, 1,3 mg.mL -1 de Aloficocianina e 2,5 para pureza do extrato, evidenciando que as técnicas utilizadas são eficazes para o processo de extração e purificação das ficobiliproteínas;em que os níveis alcançados permitem sua utilização e aplicação em indústrias do setor alimentício.