Die polymere Komponente in reaktiven Zement-in-Polymer (c/p) Dispersionen hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Bildung der Mikrostruktur von c/p beschichteten Rovings in Beton. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen für den gut wasserlöslichen Poly(vinylalkohol) Ca(OH)2- Ablagerungen an der Grenzfläche, während für das hydrophobe Poly(vinylacetat) ein Gefüge aus teilhydratisiertem Klinker gefunden wird. Durch eine zeitliche Verfolgung der Wasseraufnahme mittels kernmagnetischer Resonanzspektroskopie konnte dies auf Unterschiede im Quellungsverhalten als Resultat der unterschiedlichen chemischen Struktur und Reaktivität gegenüber Alkalien zurückgeführt werden.

Die polymere Komponente in reaktiven Zement-in-Polymer (c/p) Dispersionen hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Bildung der Mikrostruktur von c/p beschichteten Rovings in Beton. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen für den gut wasserlöslichen Poly(vinylalkohol) Ca(OH)2- Ablagerungen an der Grenzfläche, während für das hydrophobe Poly(vinylacetat) ein Gefüge aus teilhydratisiertem Klinker gefunden wird. Durch eine zeitliche Verfolgung der Wasseraufnahme mittels kernmagnetischer Resonanzspektroskopie konnte dies auf Unterschiede im Quellungsverhalten als Resultat der unterschiedlichen chemischen Struktur und Reaktivität gegenüber Alkalien zurückgeführt werden.

Ces travaux de recherche ont porté sur la mise au point et l’optimisation d’un nouveau procédé continu d’élaboration de dispersions stabilisées de particules de polystyrène dans un polyéther polyol. L’objectif final était de parvenir à minimiser le diamètre moyen des particules et à maximiser le taux de solide dans le mélange tout en maintenant sa stabilité.L’étude bibliographique a montré l’importance du choix du stabilisant et des paramètres opératoires du procédé dans la formation de la dispersion. Une étude préliminaire menée en réacteur fermé avec différents stabilisants a conduit à sélectionner un polyol greffé polystyrène. Une étude complète a été réalisée pour mettre au point la synthèse de ce stabilisant et la transposer à l’échelle pilote.Le passage au procédé continu a nécessité la construction d’une unité pilote complète centrée autour d’une extrudeuse bi-vis. Apres optimisation des conditions opératoires, deux paramètres influents ont été mis en évidence : le taux de stabilisant et la concentration du taux de solide. A partir d’un plan d’expériences complet, un modèle simple a été établi rendant compte de l'influence des conditions opératoires sur la qualité des dispersions. L’'optimisation multicritère du procédé et l’utilisation d'outils de génie décisionnel appropriés a permis de déterminer les meilleurs compromis pour l’élaboration des dispersions. / This study dealt with the development and the optimization of a new continuous process for making stable dispersions of polystyrene particles in a polyether polyol. The objective was to maximize the solid mass fraction in the mixture and to minimize the mean particles diameter, by maintaining stable dispersion. The bibliographical research showed the importance of the stabilizer and the operating conditions choices. Preliminary studies carried out in a batch reactor with different stabilizers led to select a polystyrene grafted polyol. A complete study of the synthesis of this stabilizer was carried out and transposed on a pilot scale.For to the continuous process, a complete pilot unit was built around a twin screw extruder. Once the operating conditions were optimized, two influencing parameters were identified (rate of stabilizer and concentration of polystyrene), thus an experimental design was developed. A simple model was created in order to determine the relationships between operating conditions and dispersion’s quality. The use of multicriteria optimization process allowed determining the best compromises for making stable dispersions.

L'utilisation de certains principes actifs dans le traitement et prévention de diverses maladies peut être limitée à cause de leur faible biodisponibilité. Cette faible biodisponibilité peut être liée à une solubilité limitée du principe actif et/ou une faible perméabilité à travers les barrières biologiques. La BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System), permet de classer les différents principes actifs en fonction de leur solubilité aqueuse et leur perméabilité intestinale. Le but de ce travail est d'augmenter la biodisponibilité de principes actifs peu biodisponibles et appartenant aux classes II et IV. D'une part, des nanosuspensions polymériques chargés en principes actifs peu hydrosolubles ont été préparées et caractérisées. En effet, une faible solubilité aqueuse, empêche le principe actif de se trouver sous forme moléculaire au site d'absorption, limitant ainsi son passage à travers les barrières biologiques. L'augmentation de la solubilité des principes actifs au sein d'un vecteur polymérique permettrait une mise à disposition accrue du principe actif au niveau du site d'absorption et en conséquence une augmentation de la biodisponibilité. L'incorporation de ces principes actifs (celecoxib, diclofenac, econazole, ibuprofène, ivermectine et warfarine) dans la matrice polymérique à permis d'augmenter fortement leur solubilité. Une caractérisation physico-chimique de ces nanosuspensions a été effectuée et des études pharmacocinétiques in vivo ont été réalisées afin de démontrer notre hypothèse. Les résultats obtenus ne permettent pas de confirmer cette hypothèse sauf dans le cas des formulations préparées avec l'Eudragit® RL 30D. D'autre part, un gel d'héparine destiné à l'administration topique a été préparé. Ce gel est obtenu par l'interaction électrostatique entre l'héparine (polyanion) et une suspension polymérique polycationique. Ce gel a démontré une grande capacité à incorporer de l'héparine. Des études de passage cutané ainsi que des études in vivo ont montré que ce gel peut permettre une action locale de l'héparine en évitant ses effets systémiques / Currently, the poor bioavailability of some drugs may limit their use in clinics. The poor bioavailability can be related to a low solubility of the drug and/or a low permeability through biological barriers. BCS (Biopharmacceutical Classifictation System) allows drugs classification as a function of their aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. The aim of this work is to enhance the bioavailability of poorly available drugs. On one hand, nanosuspensions containing poorly soluble drugs were prepared and characterised. To be absorbed, the drug should be available in its molecular form at the site of absorption; so a sufficient solubility is needed. The hypothesis of our work is to consider that the incorporation of poorly soluble drugs into a polymeric carrier may increase drug solubility and consequently enhance drug bioavailability. The incorporation of different lipophilic drugs (celecoxib, diclofenac, econazole, ibuprofen, ivermectin and warfarin) shows a great enhancement of drug solubility. Physico-chemical characterization as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics studies have been performed. The obtained results, does not allow to confirm our hypothesis except formulations prepared with Eudragit® RL 30D. On the other hand, a heparin gel destined to a topic application has been prepared. The gel is obtained by electrostatical interaction between heparin (polyanion) and a polymeric polycationic nanosuspension. Heparin has been successfully incorporated into the gel and drug may be delivered to obtain a local action of heparin and thus, avoiding its systemic effects

No description available.

The requirements of food packages are to ensure food safety and quality, to minimize spoilage, and to provide an easy way to store and handle food. To meet these demands for fibre-based food packages, barrier coatings are generally used to regulate the amount of gases entering a package, as some gases are detrimental to food quality. Oxygen, for example, initiates lipid oxidation in fatty foods. Bakery products may also be sensitive to oxygen. This thesis focused on mass transport of oxygen in order to gain deeper knowledge in the performance of barrier coatings and to develop means to optimize the performance of barrier coatings. This experimental study along with computer modelling characterized the structure of barrier materials with respect to the mass transport process.This project was performed as part of the multidisciplinary industrial graduate school VIPP (www.kau.se/en/vipp) - Values Created in Fibre Based Processes and Products – at Karlstad University, with the financial support from the Knowledge Foundation, Sweden, and Stora Enso. / <p>Artikel 2 "The influence of clay orientation..." ingick som manuskript i avhandlingen, då med titeln: "Influence of clay orientation in dispersion barrier coatings on oxygen permeation". Nu publicerad.</p>

Polímeros híbridos são caracterizados por conter numa mesma partícula dois tipos diferentes de polímero, normalmente incompatíveis e ligados por ligações covalentes. Neste trabalho, a síntese de um polímero híbrido acrílico-alquídico pelo processo de miniemulsão foi investigada. Com o objetivo de compreender como diferentes variáveis na fórmula afetam as características físico-químicas finais do látex, um planejamento experimental foi desenhado com o auxílio do software DX9 e os resultados analisados por modelos empíricos de superfície de resposta. Os fatores variados (variáveis independentes) foram: quantidade de co-estabilizante, surfactante e iniciador. Cada um dos fatores contribuiu para a alteração de pelo menos uma característica avaliada, e a sinergia entre eles afeta diretamente o teor de RDG, resposta indicativa do grau de grafitização entre as espécies. O coestabilizante contribuiu para o aumento do diâmetro médio de gotas e da polidispersidade de tamanho de partículas, enquanto reduziu a dureza do filme. A concentração de surfactante alterou o número de partículas por litro, reduzindo o diâmetro médio de partículas e aumentando a polidispersidade. O iniciador aumentou a conversão monomérica. Todas as dispersões de polímero híbrido produzidas apresentaram redução do tamanho médio de gotas para partículas, indicando evidência de nucleação secundária. As avaliações por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) mostraram que a morfologia obtida é do tipo núcleo-casca. / Hybrid polymers are defined by the presence of two or more different kinds of polymers in the same particle, typically incompatible and linked by covalent bonds. In this work, the synthesis of an alkyd-acrylic hybrid polymer produced by miniemulsion polymerization has been investigated. With the goal of understanding how different variables in the recipe affect the final characteristics of the latex, a design of experiment was planned using DX9 software and the results were analyzed by response surface methodology. The factors studied (independent variables) were: amount of co-stabilizer, surfactant and initiator. Each of these factors contributed to change at least one of the evaluated characteristics, and the synergy between them directly affects the RDG content, response of the polymer degree of grafting. Costabilizer contributed to increase the average droplets diameter and polydispersity of particle size, while reducing the film hardness. The amount of surfactant changed the number of particles, reducing the average particle size and increasing polydispersity. Initiator increased the monomer conversion. All hybrids dispersions presented a decrease in the droplet size to particle size, indicating evidence of secondary nucleation. Core-shell morphology was observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Polímeros híbridos são caracterizados por conter numa mesma partícula dois tipos diferentes de polímero, normalmente incompatíveis e ligados por ligações covalentes. Neste trabalho, a síntese de um polímero híbrido acrílico-alquídico pelo processo de miniemulsão foi investigada. Com o objetivo de compreender como diferentes variáveis na fórmula afetam as características físico-químicas finais do látex, um planejamento experimental foi desenhado com o auxílio do software DX9 e os resultados analisados por modelos empíricos de superfície de resposta. Os fatores variados (variáveis independentes) foram: quantidade de co-estabilizante, surfactante e iniciador. Cada um dos fatores contribuiu para a alteração de pelo menos uma característica avaliada, e a sinergia entre eles afeta diretamente o teor de RDG, resposta indicativa do grau de grafitização entre as espécies. O coestabilizante contribuiu para o aumento do diâmetro médio de gotas e da polidispersidade de tamanho de partículas, enquanto reduziu a dureza do filme. A concentração de surfactante alterou o número de partículas por litro, reduzindo o diâmetro médio de partículas e aumentando a polidispersidade. O iniciador aumentou a conversão monomérica. Todas as dispersões de polímero híbrido produzidas apresentaram redução do tamanho médio de gotas para partículas, indicando evidência de nucleação secundária. As avaliações por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e microscopia de força atômica (AFM) mostraram que a morfologia obtida é do tipo núcleo-casca. / Hybrid polymers are defined by the presence of two or more different kinds of polymers in the same particle, typically incompatible and linked by covalent bonds. In this work, the synthesis of an alkyd-acrylic hybrid polymer produced by miniemulsion polymerization has been investigated. With the goal of understanding how different variables in the recipe affect the final characteristics of the latex, a design of experiment was planned using DX9 software and the results were analyzed by response surface methodology. The factors studied (independent variables) were: amount of co-stabilizer, surfactant and initiator. Each of these factors contributed to change at least one of the evaluated characteristics, and the synergy between them directly affects the RDG content, response of the polymer degree of grafting. Costabilizer contributed to increase the average droplets diameter and polydispersity of particle size, while reducing the film hardness. The amount of surfactant changed the number of particles, reducing the average particle size and increasing polydispersity. Initiator increased the monomer conversion. All hybrids dispersions presented a decrease in the droplet size to particle size, indicating evidence of secondary nucleation. Core-shell morphology was observed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Solvent-free extrusion emulsification (SFEE) is a recently developed process for producing submicron particles with high viscosity polymers inside a twin-screw extruder without the use of hazardous solvents. Its dependency on a catastrophic phase inversion makes the process knowingly sensitive to a variety of formulation and operational variables, causing a narrow window of production. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate and improve process stability as well as widening operational window. Transient effects of the start-up procedure was investigated by considering the process stability and particle size distribution. The transient sensitivity corresponded to the residency of material in the dispersion zone. When a sub-optimal water/surfactant fraction was allowed to produce an undesired polymer-water (thick lamella) morphology, this morphology continued to persist until the critical first half of the dispersion zone was purged of existing mass. Lot to lot variability of polyester resin was used to investigate the sensitivities of the SFEE process more deeply to better understand the mechanism involved. In this case, acid number was shown to have a significant effect on the initial amount of water needed in the dispersion zone for phase inversion, resulting in an emulsification boundary dependent on the resin acid number. In fact, a significant correlation was found between the acidic end groups of the resin and the maximum amount of water content that could be used in the dispersion zone. The effect of feed rate, screw speed, dispersion length, and surfactant concentration were studied for their individual influence on widening the emulsification boundary. The most significant improvement was observed by applying a longer dispersion length or lower feed rate because both significantly increase the residence time. The effect of residence time on the emulsification boundary was attributed to the total strain imposed on the polymer/water mixture which was related to interfacial growth in the dispersion zone. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)