Chan, Ho Yin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-94). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv / PUBLISHED PAPERS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Traditional methods of cell manipulation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- New methods of cell manipulation using MEMS technology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Electrostatic actuation --- p.2 / Chapter 1 2.2 --- Shape memory effect --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Pneumatic --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Electromagnetic --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Thermal --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective of this project --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review --- p.11 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Design, modeling and heat transfer analysis" --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Design and the temperature-radius relationship of thermal actuators --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Heat transfer analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Heat dissipation from the actuator --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Thermal transient response in liquid environment --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Temperature, radius of curvature and tip deflection and actuation voltage relationship" --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Fabrication process of the thermal actuators --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1 --- Basic processes involved in fabricating the thermal actuators --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Photolithography --- p.28 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Spin on and pattern photoresist --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Methods for alignment --- p.31 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Lift off and etching processes --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Sacrificial release process --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Deposition --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1.4.1 --- Sputtering --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.4.2 --- Thermal evaporation --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.4.3 --- Thermal oxidation --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.4.4 --- Parylene deposition --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Fabrication process of thermal actuators/grippers --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Fabrication of thermal actuators --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Mask design and making --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Process flow --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Fabricated samples --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Problems encountered during fabrication process --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Fabrication of multi-finger gripper --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Mask design --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Process flow --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Fabricated samples --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Testing thermal actuators --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- Actuation by applying voltage (underwater) --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Experimental results --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- Actuation by water bath heating --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Experimental results --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3 --- Frequency response and force analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Frequency response --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Force analysis --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Cell grasping system --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Demonstration of cell grasping using single arm gripper --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- MEMS chip with multi-finger grippers --- p.75 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Mask design for MEMS chip --- p.76 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Actuation of thermal gripper in air --- p.78 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Demonstration of actuation and cell grasping --- p.79 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- A flexible cell grasping motion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.3 --- Proposed cell grasping system --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Summary and future work --- p.83 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.83 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future work --- p.84 / APPENDIX --- p.87 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.92

Chapter 1 briefly introduces the theoretical background of how applications and lists some of resent research progresses in this area. Polymer with various configurations and conformations pass through nanopores; including polymer linear chains, stars polymer, branched polymers, polymer micelles are introduced. Among them, the de Gennes and Brochard-Wyart's predictions of polymer linear and star chains passing through nanopores are emphasized, in which they predicted that qc of linear chain is qc ≃ kBT/(3pieta), where kB, T and eta are the Boltzmann constant, the absolutely temperature, and the viscosity of solvent, respectively, independent of both the chain length and the pore size; and for star chains passing through nanopores, there exist a optimal entering arm numbers, namely, the star chains passing through nanopores. / Chapter 2 details basic theory of static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS), including its instrumentation and our ultrafiltration setup. / Chapter 3 briefly introduces the sample preparation, including the history and mechanism of anionic living polymerization, as well as how we used a novel home-made set-up to prepare linear polystyrene with different chain lengths and star polystyrene with various arm numbers and lengths. / Chapter 4 summarizes our measured critical flow rates (qc) of linear polymer chains with different lengths for nanopores with different sizes, since the flow rate is directly related to the hydrodynamic force, we have developed a sensitive method (down to tens fN) to directly assess how much the hydrodynamic force (Fh) is required to overcome the weak entropy elasticity and stretch individual coiled chains in solution. Our method is completely different from the using existing optical tweezers or AFM, because they measure the relatively stronger enthalpy elasticity. Our results confirm that qc is indeed independent of the chain length, but decreases as the pore size increases. The value of qc is ∼10--200 times smaller than kBT/(3pieta). Such a discrepancy has been attributed to the rough assumption made by de Gennes and his coworkers; namely, each chain segment "blob" confined inside the pore is not a hard sphere so that the effective length along the flow direction is much longer than the pore diameter. Finally, using the solution temperature, we varied the chain conformation, our result shows that q c has a minimum which is near, but not exactly located at the theta temperature, might leading to a better way to determine the true ideal state of a polymer solution, at which all viral coefficients, not only the second vanish. / Chapter 5 uses polymer solutions made of different mixtures of linear and star chains, we have demonstrated that flushing these solution mixtures through a nanopore with a properly chosen flow rate can effectively and cleanly separate linear and star chains no matter whether linear chains are larger or smaller than star chains. / Chapter 6 further investigates how star-like polystyrene pass through a given nanopore under the flow field. Star polystyrene chains with different arm lengths (LA) and numbers (f) passing through a nanopore (20 nm) under an elongational flow field was investigated in terms of the flow-rate dependent relative retention ((C0 - C)/C0), where C 0 and C are the polymer concentrations before and after the ultrafiltration. Our results reveal that for a given arm length (LA), the critical flow rate (qc,star), below which star chains are blocked, dramatically increases with the total arm numbers (f); but for a given f, is nearly independent on LA, contradictory to the previous prediction made by de Gennes and Brochard-Wyart. We have revised their theory in the region fin < fout and also accounted for the effective length of each blob, where fin and fout are the numbers of arms inside and outside the pore, respectively. In the revision, we show that qc,star is indeed independent of LA but related to f and f in in two different ways, depending on whether fin ≤ f/2 or ≥ f/2. A comparison of our experimental and calculated results reveals that most of star chains pass through the nanopores with fin ∼ f/2. Further study of the temperature dependent (C0 - C)/C 0 of polystyrene in cyclohexane reveals that there exists a minimum of qc,star at ∼38 °C, close to its theta temperature (-34.5 °C). / This Ph. D. thesis presents our study on the ultrafiltration of polymers with different configurations and conformations; namly, theoretically, the passing of polymer chains through a nanopore under an elongational flow filed has been studied for years, but experimental studies are rare because of two following reasons: (1) lacks a precise method to investigate how individual single polymer chain pass through a nanopore; (2) it is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain a set of polymer samples with a narrow molar mass distribution and a uniform structures; except for linear chains. The central question in this study is to find the critical (minimum) flow rate (qc) for each kind of chains, at which the chains can pass through a given nanopore. A comparison of the measured and calculated qc leads to a better understanding how different chains are deformed, stretched and pulled through a nanopore. We have developed a novel method of combinating static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS) to precisely measure the relative retention concentration ((C0 - C)/C0). / Ge, Hui. / Adviser: Chi Wu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Ngai To. / "May 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.