Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-106).

Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto. / Banca: Milton Dall'Aglio Sobrinho / Banca: Luís Fernando Rossi Léo / Resumo: Umas das formas de garantir a disposição final adequada das águas residuárias é submetê-las ao tratamento através das lagoas de estabilização. Um dos fatores consideráveis para estas unidades de tratamento são as características hidrodinâmicas presentes no processo. Um das lagoas de estabilização é a influência dos ventos na massa líquida. O presente projeto de pesquisa avaliou a influência do vento no comportamento da circulação da massa líquida da Lagoa Facultativa 2 da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) da cidade de Álvares Florence - SP, por meio de flutuadores de diferentes dimensões (15, 21 e 35 cm). Foram confeccionados 9 flutuadores, 3 grupos com 3 flutuadores (um de cada dimensão) e lançados nas 3 entradas existentes na lagoa. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: na primeira etapa foram averiguados o tempo de percurso dos flutuadores ao longo de uma célula da lagoa facultativa 2 e o efeito de borda. Na segunda etapa foi verificada a influência dos ventos na movimentação da massa líquida e as condições de mistura proporcionadas por esta influência por meio dos flutuadores e análises de DQO. O método dos flutuadores para verificação da influência do vento e a circulação de uma lagoa facultativa mostrou-se como uma alternativa efetiva e simples quando comparado ao método com traçadores / Abstract: One of the ways to ensure the proper disposal of wastewater is subject them to treatment by stabilization ponds. One of the significant factors for these treatment units are the hydrodynamic characteristics present in the process. Wind is external physical aspects that affect the hydrodynamic behavior of the stabilization ponds due to their influence on the circulation of the liquid mass. This research project evaluated the influence of wind on the behavior of the liquid mass flow of the facultative pond 2 of Sewage Treatment Plant in the city of Álvares Florence - SP, by means of floats of different sizes (15, 21 and 35 cm). Nine floats were made, three groups with three floats (one of each size) and released in three entries in the pond. The research was divided into two stages: the first step, were checked the travel time of the floats along of the facultative pond 2 and edge effect. In the second step was verified the influence of wind on movement of the liquid mass and mixing conditions provided by this influence by means of floats and COD analysis. The method for verification of the floats of the wind influence and the movement of a facultative pond proved to be a simple and effective alternative when compared with the tracer method / Mestre

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Cajati, onde o tratamento é realizado por lagoas de estabilização com sistema australiano. Em amostragens de variação nictemeral e sazonal, observou-se estratificação térmica nas duas lagoas, sendo que esta foi mais acentuada em abril. Em todos os períodos, a coluna de água esteve homogênea às 2h e 8h e estratificada às 14h e 20h. A estratificação térmica resultou na estratificação química (pH e oxigênio dissolvido), sendo que ambas as lagoas foram divididas em dois compartimentos: superior, com maiores temperaturas, pH e oxigênio dissolvido, e outro inferior, com comportamento contrário. A lagoa anaeróbia apresentou concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido de aproximadamente 10,0 mg/L, o que resulta em funcionamento inadequado também foi confirmado pelos resultados de clorofila nesta lagoa, que foram semelhantes aos da facultativa e atingiram até 3,5x\'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L em abril e julho. Além disso, as concentrações de nutrientes e coliformes foram baixas no afluente bruto em relação às obtidas na literatura. Os valores de pH estiveram altos para lagoas de estabilização, com máxima de 12,17 em janeiro. Apenas em abril, o pH esteve menor (6,84-9,86), condizente com a literatura e adequado para fermentação anaeróbia. O menor pH e maiores temperaturas obtidos em abril resultaram em melhores eficiências de redução que nos outros períodos. As estimativas de vazão e carga orgânica revelaram que a ETE vem operando abaixo da carga prevista, o que pode influenciar na eficiência do sistema, pois este não terá tempo suficiente para formar comunidade microbiana estável. Não foi possível observar variabilidade vertical padrão das biomoléculas proteínas, carboidratos e lipídeos, nem ao longo do sistema. Observou-se heterogeneidade espacial e vertical entre as concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo em todo sistema, onde alguns processos puderam ser identificados e estes foram influenciados por temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Houve predomínio de cianobactéria (Synechocystis sp) na ETE Cajati, seguido de clorofícea (Chlorella kessleri). Em ambas as lagoas, o predomínio foi de Eubactéria com baixas concentrações de Arquéias. O efluente final esteve de acordo com os padrões de lançamento de efluentes estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. / This research was developed in the Cajati wastewater treatment plant, where the treatment is carried through by stabilization ponds with australian system. In samplings of nictemeral and seasonal variation, thermal stratification in the two ponds was observed, and this was more accented in April. In all the periods, the water column was homogeneous at 2 a.m. and 8 a.m. and stratified at 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Thermal stratification resulted in chemical stratification (pH and dissolved oxygen) and both the ponds had been divided into two compartments: superior, with higher temperatures, pH and dissolved oxygen, and another inferior, to the contrary behavior. The anaerobic pond presented concentrations of dissolved oxygen of approximately 10,0 mg/L that results in functioning inadequate confirmed by the results of chlorophyll in this pond. The anaerobic pond had been similar to the facultative one, which had reached 3,5 x \'10 POT.3\' \'mü\'g/L in April and July. Moreover, the concentrations of nutrients and coliforms had been low in the raw affluent in relation to those described in literature. The pH values had been high for stabilization ponds, with maximum of 12,17 in January. In April, pH was minor (6,84-9,86), according to literature and for anaerobic fermentation. The minor pH and greater temperature taken in April had resulted in better efficiencies of reduction that in the other periods. The estimates of outflow and organic load had disclosed that the plant is operating below the design load, which can influence the efficiency of the system, therefore it will not have enough time to form steady microbial community. Vertical and spatial variability was not observed for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Vertical and spatial heterogeneity was observed in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, where some processes could have been identified and these had been influenced by temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. There were predominance of Cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp) followed by Chlorophycea (Chlorella kessleri). In both ponds, there was predominance of Eubacteria with low concentrations of Archeae. The final effluent was in accordance with the established standards of discharge of effluent - Resolution CONAMA 357/2005.

Temporary wetlands are important breeding sites for herpetofauna, including species of concern, but are often overlooked in conservation planning and management decisions. I conducted surveys of herpetofauna communities and quantified habitat variables surrounding isolated, upland and stream-connected ephemeral pools on Tombigbee National Forest and Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge in north-central Mississippi from March 2004 ? March 2006 to compare herpetile species assemblages between different classes of temporary wetlands, determine use of pools as reproductive sites for amphibians, and determine faunal-habitat relationships for herpetofauna. Species richness and abundance of terrestrial herpetiles differed significantly between upland and floodplain pools. Upland pools contributed substantially more to the diversity of herpetiles than floodplain pools. Upland pools supported significantly greater abundance of larval Ambystomatid salamanders and central newts (larvae and adults). Forest overstory and ground coverage components influenced amphibian abundance such as abundance of mature trees, standing snags, downed woody debris, and litter depth.

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Laukio sankaupų gausa, pasiskirstymas ir formavimosi fenologija tirta naudojantis duomenimis surinktais 2009-2010 m. dvidešimt viename Lietuvos žuvininkystės ūkyje. Bendras ūkių plotas sudarė apie 10000 ha. Per sezoną (balandy - gegužę) kiekviename ūkyje buvo atliekama 13 apskaitų. Sprendžiant pagal maksimalias sankaupų reikšmes atskiruose ūkiuose, bendras maksimalus laukių skaičius Lietuvos žuvininkystės tvenkiniuose 2009 ir 2010 m sudarė atitinkamai 17793 (vidut. 855,86±SD710,94 ir 18107 (862,24 ±SD612,78). Tačiau kai kuriuose tvenkiniuose susitelkdavo net iki 1000-3000 laukių. Statistiškai patikimo skirtumo tarp laukių bendros gausos 2009 ir 2010 metais neaptikta. Tačiau nuo 2009 -2010 iki 1996-2001 sankaupų gausa patikimai išaugo. Toks teigiamas trendas aiškintinas gausiau beriamais žuvų pašarais paskutiniais tyrimų metais. Kol žuvų tvenkiniuose yra vanduo laukių koncentracija čia 0,3-2 karto didesnė nei ežeruose. Tačiau ankstyvas vandens nuleidimas žuvininkystės ūkių tvenkiniuose neleidžia laukių sankaupoms padidėti iki maksimalių reikšmių. Vidutiniškai, sankaupas formuojantys laukiai išnaudoja 34,08 % (2009 m.) - 41,18 % ūkių tvenkinių teritorijos. Pagal šį rodiklį žuvų auginimo tvenkiniai užima tarpinę poziciją tarp eutrofinių ir mezotrofinių taip vadinamų “laukių ežerų”. Papildomo maisto (žuvų pašarų) faktorius dominuoja tarp kitų – laukių gausos skirtumus tarp ūkių apsprendžiančių – faktorių. Iš pastarųjų antras pagal svarba yra žuvininkystės ūkio plotas. / Research of abundance, distribution and phenology of Coot staging concentrations were performed using data-basis, from 21 fish farms in Lithuania. In total, 10000 ha pond area was covered with 13 counts carried out on each fish farm since April to October, in 2009-2010. According to peak values from each fish farm total amounts of Coots in all fish farms were 17793 (average 855,86±SD710,94, and 18107 (862,24 ±SD612,78). In particular ponds, size of Coot concentrations reached from 1000 to 3000 individuals. Difference in total abundance of staging concentrations of Coot in fish farms between 2009 and 2010 years was not significant while between 2009 -2010 and 1996-2001 size of concentrations has increased significantly. The later phenomenon related to improvement of food availability due to increase in amounts of fish foods. When with water, fish ponds supports 0.3-2 times higher concentrations of coots than natural lakes do. However, early amelioration of ponds do not allow Coot concentrations to grow up to its peak. In average, in 2009-2010 staging coots exploited 4,08 % (2009 m.) - 41,18 % of total area of Lithuanian fish ponds. According to these values, fish ponds could be placed between eutrophic and mezotrophic “Coot lakes”. Factor of artificial (fish) food dominates among other factors responsible for differences in numbers of staging coots in fish farms. Area of fish farm ranks as second important factor in this respect.

Thesis. 1977. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Civil Engineering. / MIROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 129-130. / M.S.

The total amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in animal manures, and the proportion of this amount that becomes available as dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus within a month after manures are added to water were examined in the context of fertilization guidelines for pond aquaculture. A literature study was conducted to synthesize information on the dry matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents, and the biochemical oxygen demands of different manures. This information was used to compile a fertilizer database and to examine dry matter-nutrient relationships for different manures. Significantly high correlations between dry matter and total nitrogen, and between dry matter and total phosphorus were observed for poultry manure, and different forms of beef and dairy cattle manures. These relationships can be used to estimate the nutrient contents of manures if the dry matter contents are measured. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus that becomes available as dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) over a five week period when poultry, swine and dairy manures are added to water. Mean DIN and DIP concentrations reached highest levels on the 5th day after manure addition for all the manures. These concentrations corresponded to 60.5, 49.5 and 30.1% of the total nitrogen and 78.4, 77.4 and 58% of the total phosphorus supplied by poultry, swine and dairy manures respectively. DIN and DIP concentrations were significantly different among the three manures on all sampling days. Poultry manure supplied the highest amount of nitrogen and phosphorus, followed by swine and dairy manures. Pond fertilization guidelines based on the nitrogen and phosphorus requirements for algae should consider the available portion and not the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents of manures to calculate fertilizer requirements. Another study was conducted to examine the effects of temperature and repeated manure addition on nutrient release patterns from poultry manure. Different temperatures over a three week period did not have a pronounced impact on DIN and DIP levels. Two phases of DIN build-up were observed, whereas DIP levels showed an increasing pattern throughout the temperature experiment. The overall proportion of the total nitrogen and phosphorus supplied by poultry manure that became available as DIN and DIP for all the experimental units considered together amounted to about 64 and 70% respectively, which is consistent with the earlier study. Repeated manure addition resulted in significantly lower DIN and higher DIP concentrations in the interval following the second manure addition compared to the first interval, although nutrient release patterns appeared to be similar. / Graduation date: 1993

Soil, water, and climatic classification systems are reviewed as background for the construction of a classification system for earthen aquaculture ponds. The physical and chemical properties of important soil types are also reviewed because of the critical role that the soil plays in earthen pond systems. A pond classification system is constructed using key elements from established climate, water, and soil classification systems, and its use as a management tool is demonstrated. Additional benefits of pond classification are discussed. Functional relationships pertaining to a particular management practice--the application of lime--are examined for seven classes of acid soils. Theoretical and empirical models of pH-percent base saturation relationships are evaluated using data from United States soils. Selected models are partially validated using an independent set of data and incorporated into a lime requirement determination model. A table of lime requirement estimates based on initial soil pH values is calculated for each soil class. Partial validation of the classification system is achieved by ANOVA for the cation exchange capacities of the soils, by fitting the selected pH-percent base saturation models to data from an independent source, and by comparison of the estimated lime requirements with previously published guidelines. Possible reasons for weaknesses in the classification system, the pH-percent base saturation models, or the approach to lime requirement determination are explored, and areas requiring further research are identified. Additional uses and benefits, and further validation and refinement of the classification system are discussed. It is concluded that the proposed classification is a good first approximation that provides a basis for further work. / Graduation date: 1992