We provide an analysis of the main sources of data used to estimate fertility schedules in developing countries, giving special attention to Brazil. In addition to the brief history of various data sources, we present several indirect demographic methods, commonly used to estimate fertility and assess the quality of data. From the methods used, the Synthetic Relational Gompertz model gives the most robust estimates of fertility, independent of the data source considered. We conclude that different demographic data sources and methods generate differing estimates of fertility and that the country should invest in quality of birth statistics.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / The South African population is made up of Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Asians. Since each population group is distinct in its culture and habits and have widely differing life styles and socioeconomic levels an ideal oppurtunity exists for the study of environmental influences on the aetiology of particular cancers. In addition accurate epidemiological data is essential in order to assess changing .patterns of the disease and the efficacy of the prevention programmes. The aim of this study was to etermine age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates of intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma for Blacks on the Witwatersrand. All new cases of intra-oral cancer during the period (1971-1980) were traced. The population at risk was determined from the National Population Censuses of 1970 and 1980. According to the method used in the International Union Against Cancers (U.I.C.C.) publication (Waterhouse et al 1976 and 1982) age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates were calculated for tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates and gingivae and alveolar ridge using standard World, European and African populations. These results indicate that in the population group studied intra-oral cancer is much more common in males and than females (5,55:1 standardised rates) most commonly affects the tongue followed by the floor of mouth, palate, buccal mucosa and gingivae and alveolar ridge and is a disease of the elderly occurring most commonly in the seventh decade in males and in the sixth decade in females. When compared with standardised rates reported, either for Blacks in other geographic locations in South Africa, or for other population groups in this country, or for selected countries elsewhere in the World, important differences have emerged which probably reflect differences in exposure to specific aetiological agents amongst the various population groups compared.

Orientador: Roberto Luiz do Carmo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T21:00:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dagnino_RicardodeSampaio_D.pdf: 7937136 bytes, checksum: 6a0151992bf83608f9216004e0e75f76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata das diferenças socioeconômicas existentes no interior dos municípios de Altamira e São Félix do Xingu (PA), situados na fronteira de expansão amazônica. A metodologia desenvolvida compreende três procedimentos. O primeiro, de aquisição da informação, foi a construção de 52 indicadores socioeconômicos (taxa de analfabetismo, renda, etc.) e demográficos (estrutura etária, razão de sexos, etc.) referidos ao nível intramunicipal. A fonte utilizada foram os Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010 e a Contagem de População 2007, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que apresentam dados agregados por setores censitários (que totalizavam 154 em 2000 e 315 em 2010), que é a menor unidade de representação dos dados. O segundo procedimento, já de tratamento da informação, foi a definição de 29 unidades espaciais intra e trans municipais mediante o agrupamento dos setores censitários de acordo com sua situação (rural e urbana), categoria de localidade (povoado, vila, cidade, etc.) e critérios que garantam o acompanhamento de sua trajetória temporal (2000 a 2010). O terceiro, apoiado nas matrizes ponderadas e permutáveis de Bertin, permite o cruzamento dos 52 indicadores com as 29 unidades espaciais, e levou à construção de 11 agrupamentos dessas unidades, possibilitando a verificação de diferenças (e semelhanças) socioeconômicas entre eles. Dado que objeto de análise concebido pela metodologia é o espaço intramunicipal, torna-se possível captar diferenças socioeconômicas existentes entre: (1) unidades espaciais urbanas e rurais; (2) unidades espaciais urbanas da mesma categoria; (3) unidades rurais situadas dentro e fora de áreas protegidas; (4) unidades rurais situadas nos dois tipos de áreas protegidas (terras indígenas e unidades de conservação). Os resultados obtidos permitem análises de tipo sincrônico, através de comparações entre indicadores de distintos agrupamentos no mesmo ano e explicitam correlações entre indicadores relativos a um mesmo agrupamento, como renda e analfabetismo; e diacrônico, que possibilitam avaliar e correlacionar a evolução temporal de distintos indicadores do mesmo agrupamento. Num plano mais genérico, considera-se que as características da metodologia desenvolvida tornam possível seu emprego para avaliar diferenças socioeconômicas existentes entre agregados populacionais selecionados segundo critérios de distintas naturezas (administrativa, ambiental, social, entre outras possibilidades) / Abstract: This works deals with the internal socioeconomic differences on the municipalities of Altamira and São Félix do Xingu, Pará state, situated on the frontier expansion of Amazonia The methodology comprises three procedures. The first, acquiring information, was the construction of 52 socioeconomic indicators (illiteracy, income, etc.) and demographic indicators (age structure, sex ratio, etc.) referred to intra-municipal level. The source used was the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010 and the 2007 Population Count, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), that present data aggregated by census tracts (between 100 and 300, depending on the year), which is the smallest unit data representation. The second procedure, processing information, was the definition of 29 intra and trans municipal spatial units by grouping census tracts according to their situation (rural and urban) and type of locality (village, town, city, etc.) and criteria that enable the monitoring of its temporal trajectory (2000-2010). The third, supported by the Bertin's "weighted and exchangeable matrix", permitting the "cross" of the 52 indicators with 29 spatial units, led to the construction of 11 units of these clusters, allowing the verification of socioeconomical differences (and similarities) between them. Since the object of analysis, designed by the methodology, is intramunicpal space, it becomes possible to capture existing socioeconomic differences between: (1) urban and rural spatial units; (2) urban spatial units of the same type; (3) rural units located within and outside protected areas; and (4) rural units located in two types of protected areas (indigenous lands and conservation units). The results obtained allows synchronic analysis, by comparing between indicators of different classes in the same year and explain correlations between indicators of the same group, such as income and illiteracy; and diachronic, in order to assess and correlate the temporal evolution of different indicators in the same group and the same indicator for the different groups. On a more general level, it is considered that the characteristics of the developed methodology make its use possible to evaluate existing socioeconomic differences among population clusters that transcend municipal division designed according to criteria of different natures / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia