Chan Mok-wah, Paul. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [219-231]). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / SUMMARY / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- HISTORY --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- RADIATION EXPOSURES OF THE POPULATION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The Projected Expansion of Medical Exposures --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- RADIATION HAZARDS --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Deterministic Effects --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Stochastic Effects --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Pre-natal Irradiation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- THE LOCAL SITUATION --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY OF LOCAL PATIENT DOSE --- p.10 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- THE MEDICAL EXPOSURES IN HONG KONG / Chapter 2.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- MAN-MADE RADIATION IN HONG KONG --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Occupational Exposure --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Radioactive Fall-out --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Nuclear Medicine --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Diagnostic Radiology --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- THE FUTURE TREND --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4 --- THE CURRENT STUDY --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- METHODS OF OPTIMISATION / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- JUSTIFICATION OF DIAGNOSTIC RADIATION EXPOSURE --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- OPTIMISATION OF DIAGNOSTIC RADIATION EXPOSURE --- p.18 / Chapter 3.4 --- THE CONTROL OF EXPOSURES --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The Control of Occupational Exposure --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The Control of Public Exposure --- p.20 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- The Control of Patient Exposure --- p.20 / Chapter 3.5 --- A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL PATIENT EXPOSURES --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Intrumental Approach --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Technical Approach --- p.24 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Administrative Approach --- p.25 / Chapter 3.6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- METHOD OF STUDY / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- A WORKING SCHEME --- p.27 / Chapter 4.3 --- THE MEASUREMENT OF ESD --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Thermoluminescent Dosimetry --- p.29 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The TL Material Adopted --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Irradiated of TLDs --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Readout of the Exposed TLDs --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Accuracy of Readings --- p.35 / Chapter 4.4 --- MONTE CARLO SIMULATION --- p.36 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- History --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- The Principle --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Photon History --- p.40 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- The Use of Monte Carlo simulation in Organ Doses Estimation --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- The Electron-Gamma-Shower (EGS4) Code System --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5 --- A LOCAL MATHEMATICAL PHANTOM --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- An Ideal Mathematical Phantom --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Choice of Mathematical Phantom Model --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- The Development of a Chinese Mathematical Phantom --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Results --- p.56 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- A Comparison --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6 --- A SUMMARY --- p.62 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- POPULATION STUDIES / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- FREQUENCY SURVEY --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Survey in Private Sectors --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Surveyin Government Sectors --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3 --- DOSE SURVEY --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Selection of Regions and Projections --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Selection of Hospitals and Laboratories --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- SAMPLE SIZE --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- RESULTS / Chapter 6.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / Chapter 6.2 --- SAMPLE SIZE --- p.68 / Chapter 6.3 --- AGE BAND AND SEX DISTRIBUTION --- p.68 / Chapter 6.4 --- THE MEASURED ESD --- p.75 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Histograms of ESDs by Projection --- p.75 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- A Comparison of ESDs by Projection --- p.89 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- A Comparison of ESDs by Centre --- p.93 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- A Comparison of Collective ESDs by Centre --- p.96 / Chapter 6.5 --- THE ESTIMATED ORGAN DOSES --- p.103 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Method --- p.103 / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Normalised Organ Doses --- p.105 / Chapter 6.5.4 --- Organ doses per Projection --- p.105 / Chapter 6.5.5 --- A Computerised programme --- p.119 / Chapter 6.6 --- A COMPARISON OF ORGAN DOSES ESTIMATED ON LOCAL AND NRPB MODELS --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 7. --- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY / Chapter 7.1 --- UNCERTAINTITIES IN COMPUTATION --- p.156 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Inaccuracy of the Justaposition of Complex Human Anatomy and the X-ray Beam --- p.156 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Statistical Uncertainties --- p.156 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Attenuation Coefficient Uncertainties --- p.157 / Chapter 7.1.4 --- Anatomic Inexactitudes --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2 --- ERRORS CONTRIBUTED BY TLDs --- p.155 / Chapter 7.3 --- TOTAL POSSIBLE ERROR --- p.157 / Chapter 7.4 --- VERIFICATION OF THE RESULTS --- p.158 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Verification of the Measured ESD --- p.158 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Verification of the Estimated Organ Doses --- p.158 / Chapter CHAPTER 8. --- HEALTH IMPLICATIONS / Chapter 8.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.161 / Chapter 8.2 --- DATA SOURCE --- p.161 / Chapter 8.3 --- ASSUMPTIONS --- p.162 / Chapter 8.4 --- SOMATIC RISK --- p.162 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Somatically Significant Dose (SSD) --- p.162 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Results --- p.163 / Chapter 8.5 --- LEUKAEMIC RISK --- p.166 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Leukaemically Significant Dose (LSD) --- p.166 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Results --- p.167 / Chapter 8.6 --- GENETIC RISK --- p.170 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Genetically Significant Dose (GSD) --- p.170 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- Results --- p.171 / Chapter 8.7 --- DISCUSSION --- p.174 / Chapter CHAPTER 9. --- DISCUSSION --- p.199 / Chapter 9.1 --- MEAN ESDs PER PROJECTION --- p.199 / Chapter 9.2 --- A COMPARISON OF MEAN ESDs BETWEEN LOCAL CENTRES --- p.200 / Chapter 9.3 --- A COMPARISON OF MEAN ESDs BETWEEN COUNTRIES --- p.202 / Chapter 9.4 --- EFFECTIVE DOSE PER EXAMINATION --- p.203 / Chapter 9.5 --- NEED FOR LOCAL ANTHROPOMORPHIC PHANTOM --- p.204 / Chapter 9.6 --- ORGAN DOSES WITH HIGH CANCER INDUCTION --- p.205 / Chapter 9.7 --- A DISTRIBUTION OF COLLECTIVE DOSES --- p.206 / Chapter 9.8 --- "A DISTRIBUTION OF SSD, LSD AND GSD" --- p.209 / Chapter 9.9 --- OVERALL RISK ESTIMATION --- p.212 / Chapter 9.10 --- POPULATION ORGAN DOSES --- p.213 / Chapter 9.11 --- SUMMARY --- p.214 / Chapter CHAPTER 10. --- CONCLUSION --- p.217 / REFERENCES --- p.R 1 - 12 / APPENDICES / Chapter A. --- RADIATION QUANTITIES USED IN PATIENT DOSIMETRY --- p.A 1 - 12 / Chapter B. --- QUALITY ASSURANCE --- p.B 1 - 14 / Chapter C. --- DOSE REDUCTION --- p.C 1 - 11 / Chapter D. --- REJECT ANALYSIS --- p.D 1 - 15 / Chapter E. --- PUBLISHED WORK IN DOSE MEASUREMENT --- p.E 1 - 18 / Chapter F. --- THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY --- p.F 1 - 27 / Chapter G. --- A STUDY ON ANTHROPOMORPHIC PHANTOM --- p.G 1 - 4