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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Investigation of pore closure during polar firn densification / Etude de la fermeture des pores lors de la densification du névé polaire

Burr, Alexis 29 November 2017 (has links)
.La densification du névé en glace est un processus essentiel à comprendre pour interpréter les enregistrements climatiques. Une bonne connaissance des mécanismes permet une datation précise de l'air capturé dans la glace lors de la fermeture des pores. Celle-ci est plus vieille que l'air capturé à cause du transport des gaz dans la colonne de névé plus rapide que la densification de celui-ci. Cette différence d'âge entre la glace et le gaz est généralement appelé le Δage. La densification de la neige consiste en un processus complexe de réarrangement de grains, de frittage et de déformation viscoplastique. Bien que le comportement viscoplastique du cristal de glace soit fortement anisotrope, les modèles de densification actuels ne tiennent pas compte de cette anisotropie. De plus, le caractère granulaire du névé affecte aussi sa densification. La relation entre la fermeture des pores et les mécanismes microstructuraux sous-jacents est encore méconnue. Le but de cette thèse est d'incorporer l'aspect granulaire ainsi que l'anisotropie du cristal de glace dans une approche de modélisation innovante de la densification. Des expériences sur l'indentation viscoplastique de cylindres monocristallins de glace ont été réalisées pour proposer une loi de contact basée sur la théorie de l'indentation, et prenant en compte la déformation préférentielle du cristal de glace sur les plans basaux. Cette loi de contact a été implémentée dans un code utilisant la méthode des éléments discrets pour prédire la densification du névé.La micro-tomographie aux rayons X a été utilisée pour caractériser ex situ le névé polaire en trois dimensions à différentes étapes de la densification (ρ= 0.55-0.88 g/cm3), i.e. pour différentes profondeurs (~23 à 130m). Une étude fine de la fermeture des pores et de différentes caractéristiques morphologiques et physiques a été réalisée pour les sites polaires Dome C et Lock In. Des essais mécaniques ont aussi été réalisés in situ sur du névé extrait de Dome C dans le but de modéliser la densification du névé. Les observations microstructurales des expériences ex situ et in situ révèlent d'importantes différences dues aux vitesses relativement importantes utilisées lors des essais mécaniques. Ces vitesses rapides permettent de découpler la contribution des cinétiques de diffusion de la contribution viscoplastique de la déformation. Les effets de ces contributions sur la morphologie des pores et leurs fermetures sont discutés. Pour caractériser la fermeture des pores, cette thèse propose un indice de connectivité définit par le ratio entre le volume du plus gros pore sur la porosité totale. En effet, cet indice est plus approprié lors de l'utilisation de la tomographie aux rayons X que le ratio de pores fermés pour prédire la densité au close-off. / Densification from firn to ice is an essential phenomenon to understand for the interpretation of the climate record. A good knowledge of this mechanism enables the precise dating of the air embedded in the ice. The step at which the air becomes entrapped is the pore closure (or close-off). Because of gas flow in the firn column, the ice is older than the entrapped air. The difference between ice and gas is generally defined as Δage.Snow densification consists of grain rearrangements, sintering and viscoplastic deformation. Although the viscoplastic behaviour of the ice crystal is strongly anisotropic, densification models do not take into account this anisotropy. Firn also bears some granular characteristics that may affect its densification. The interactions between pore closure and microstructural mechanisms in the firn are still misunderstood.The aim of this PhD thesis is to incorporate both the granular aspect of firn and its anisotropy into an innovating approach of firn densification modelling. The mutual indentation of viscoplastic monocrystalline ice cylinders was experimentally carried out to propose a contact law that is based on indentation theory and that takes into account the preferential viscoplastic deformation on the basal plane. We have integrated this contact law into a DEM (Discrete Element Method) code for the prediction of firn densification.3D X-ray micro-tomography was performed on polar firn at different stages of the densification (ρ= 0.55-0.88 g/cm3) and depths (~23 to 130m). A thorough investigation of pore closure and of different morphological and physical parameters was achieved for the Dome C and the newly drilled Lock In polar sites. In addition to these ex situ analyses, in situ X-ray micro-mechanical experiments were carried out on firn extracted from Dome C in order to model its densification. Ex situ and in situ microstructural observations indicate significant differences that can be explained by the relatively large strain-rates imposed to the firn during in situ tests. These large strain rates allow for a decoupling of the effects of diffusion kinetics and of viscoplastic deformation. Their relative weights on the morphology of pores and on their closure are discussed. To measure pore closure, we propose a connectivity index, which is the ratio of the largest pore volume over the total pore volume. We show that this index is better suited for X-ray tomography analysis than the classic closed porosity ratio to predict the close-off density
2

Destabilisation and Failure of Cylindrical Nanopores : A Phase Field Study

Joshi, Chaitanya January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Phase field models have played an important role in shaping our understanding of a variety of micro structural phenomena in materials. Their attractive features include (a) their ability to capture instabilities in microstructures, and (b) their ability to handle topological transitions { such as splitting or coalescence { gracefully. Therefore, we have chosen to use a phase field model in our study of instabilities in cylindrical pores in nanoporous membranes which eventually lead to their failure. Our study is motivated by recent studies on thermal stability of nanoporous membranes of alumina, titania and zirconia. The key feature in our model is its ability to incorporate surface discussion as the mechanism for mass transport. We first benchmark the model through a critical comparison of our results on early stages of surface evolution during Rayleigh instability and grain boundary grooving with those from linear theories of these phenomena. We have then used longer simulations (which go beyond early stages, and therefore, can incorporate non-lineare effects) to study instabilities in a hollow cylinder in three different systems: single crystal or amorphous solid (which fails through Rayleigh instability), a model sys-tem with parallel grain boundaries (which fails through grain boundary grooving), and a polycrystal (whose failure depends on a combination of grain growth and grooving). In all the cases, the surface energy is assumed to be isotropic, and the operative mechanism for mass transport is assumed to be surface discussion.

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