Current knowledge indicates that nonthermal muscle metaboreflex activity plays a critical role in the modulation of skin vasodilation and sweating. However, the mechanisms of control have primarily been studied during isometric handgrip exercise in which muscle metaboreceptor activation is induced by a brief post-exercise ischemia of the upper limb. While the reflex increase in mean arterial pressure associated with this period of ischemia is consistent with the activation of muscle metaboreceptors, the change in baroreflex activity may in itself modulate the response. Thus, we sought to understand how these nonthermal stimuli interact in modulating the control of skin perfusion and sweating under conditions of elevated hyperthermia. Furthermore, we examined the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure under varying levels of heat stress during isometric handgrip exercise. Our study findings indicate that the parallel activation of muscle metaboreceptors and baroreceptors during post-exercise ischemia causes divergent influences on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; and these nonthermal stimuli are dependent on the level of hyperthermia. Moreover, we report that heat stress reduces the increase in arterial blood pressure during isometric handgrip exercise and this attenuation is attributed to a blunted increase in peripheral resistance, since cardiac output increased to similar levels for all heat stress conditions. These results provide important insight and understanding into the role of muscle metabo- and baroreflex activity on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; along with further knowledge into the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of arterial blood pressure during hyperthermia.

Current knowledge indicates that nonthermal muscle metaboreflex activity plays a critical role in the modulation of skin vasodilation and sweating. However, the mechanisms of control have primarily been studied during isometric handgrip exercise in which muscle metaboreceptor activation is induced by a brief post-exercise ischemia of the upper limb. While the reflex increase in mean arterial pressure associated with this period of ischemia is consistent with the activation of muscle metaboreceptors, the change in baroreflex activity may in itself modulate the response. Thus, we sought to understand how these nonthermal stimuli interact in modulating the control of skin perfusion and sweating under conditions of elevated hyperthermia. Furthermore, we examined the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure under varying levels of heat stress during isometric handgrip exercise. Our study findings indicate that the parallel activation of muscle metaboreceptors and baroreceptors during post-exercise ischemia causes divergent influences on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; and these nonthermal stimuli are dependent on the level of hyperthermia. Moreover, we report that heat stress reduces the increase in arterial blood pressure during isometric handgrip exercise and this attenuation is attributed to a blunted increase in peripheral resistance, since cardiac output increased to similar levels for all heat stress conditions. These results provide important insight and understanding into the role of muscle metabo- and baroreflex activity on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; along with further knowledge into the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of arterial blood pressure during hyperthermia.

Current knowledge indicates that nonthermal muscle metaboreflex activity plays a critical role in the modulation of skin vasodilation and sweating. However, the mechanisms of control have primarily been studied during isometric handgrip exercise in which muscle metaboreceptor activation is induced by a brief post-exercise ischemia of the upper limb. While the reflex increase in mean arterial pressure associated with this period of ischemia is consistent with the activation of muscle metaboreceptors, the change in baroreflex activity may in itself modulate the response. Thus, we sought to understand how these nonthermal stimuli interact in modulating the control of skin perfusion and sweating under conditions of elevated hyperthermia. Furthermore, we examined the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure under varying levels of heat stress during isometric handgrip exercise. Our study findings indicate that the parallel activation of muscle metaboreceptors and baroreceptors during post-exercise ischemia causes divergent influences on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; and these nonthermal stimuli are dependent on the level of hyperthermia. Moreover, we report that heat stress reduces the increase in arterial blood pressure during isometric handgrip exercise and this attenuation is attributed to a blunted increase in peripheral resistance, since cardiac output increased to similar levels for all heat stress conditions. These results provide important insight and understanding into the role of muscle metabo- and baroreflex activity on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; along with further knowledge into the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of arterial blood pressure during hyperthermia.

Current knowledge indicates that nonthermal muscle metaboreflex activity plays a critical role in the modulation of skin vasodilation and sweating. However, the mechanisms of control have primarily been studied during isometric handgrip exercise in which muscle metaboreceptor activation is induced by a brief post-exercise ischemia of the upper limb. While the reflex increase in mean arterial pressure associated with this period of ischemia is consistent with the activation of muscle metaboreceptors, the change in baroreflex activity may in itself modulate the response. Thus, we sought to understand how these nonthermal stimuli interact in modulating the control of skin perfusion and sweating under conditions of elevated hyperthermia. Furthermore, we examined the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure under varying levels of heat stress during isometric handgrip exercise. Our study findings indicate that the parallel activation of muscle metaboreceptors and baroreceptors during post-exercise ischemia causes divergent influences on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; and these nonthermal stimuli are dependent on the level of hyperthermia. Moreover, we report that heat stress reduces the increase in arterial blood pressure during isometric handgrip exercise and this attenuation is attributed to a blunted increase in peripheral resistance, since cardiac output increased to similar levels for all heat stress conditions. These results provide important insight and understanding into the role of muscle metabo- and baroreflex activity on the control of skin blood flow and sweating; along with further knowledge into the cardiovascular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of arterial blood pressure during hyperthermia.