<p> An open Quercus-dominated vegetation association, known locally as the oak plains, was found at a number of locations in southern Ontario until disturbance by European settlers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Two contrasting theories have been suggested in the literature regarding the origin of the oak plains. One suggests they developed as the result of burning by pre-European natives, while the other considers them to be relics of a warmer, drier mid-Holocene climate. In this paper, the factors which led to the development of the oak plains are examined. The hypothesis that the oak plains resulted from native burning of the natural vegetation was tested by pollen analysis of a 5 m sediment core from Decoy Lake, a small kettle basin near Paris, Ontario located in an area mapped by early surveyors as oak plains. The Decoy Lake record was then compared to those of two nearby lakes supporting mesic forests. This palaeoecological analysis was supported by an investigation of physical factors controlling the historical distribution of the oak plains in a study area between Cambridge and Long Point on Lake Erie. </p> <p> The distribution of the oak plains and other vegetation associations in pre-settlement times, reconstructed from early survey records, correlated fairly well with the texture of soils and underlying Quaternary parent materials. Within the defined study area, the oak plains were restricted almost exclusively to well-drained soils overlying coarse-textured till and sandy outwash and deltaic deposits. Climatic factors and topography varied within the study area, but showed little correlation with the distribution of vegetation associations. <p> <p> The fossil pollen record at Decoy Lake indicates that a QuercusPinus- herb pollen assemblage, unique to southern Ontario, was found from 4000 yr BP until pre-settlement times. This suggests that the oak plains have existed in the area for at least 4000 years. The oak plains replaced an assemblage dominated by Pinus strobus. The warm, dry Hypsithermal appears to have allowed Pinus strobus to remain dominant on the well drained soils around Decoy Lake until after 5000 yr BP, 2000 to 3000 years longer than at other southern Ontario sites. The Picea zone (11,800 yr BP to 10,100 yr B P), Pin us banksiana/resinosa zone ( 10,100 yr BP to c. 9000 yr BP), and the replacement of Pinus banksiana/resinosa by Pinus strobus (c. 9000 yr BP) occurred contemporaneously with other records from southern Ontario. </p> <p> The hypothesis that anthropogenic factors resulted in the development of the oak plains was rejected since this association developed 2500 years before the onset of agricultural activity by natives in southern Ontario. Instead, it appears post-Hypsithermal increases in moisture, perhaps coupled with an amelioration of winter temperatures, led to the replacement of Pinus strobus by the oak plains in some areas of well-drained soils between 6300 yr BP and 4000 yr BP. The pollen record from Decoy Lake provides the first evidence from southern Ontario for substantial vegetation response to mid to late Holocene climatic change. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté / Les feux, le climat et leurs interactions sont des facteurs clés de la dynamique des forêts boréales. Dans un contexte où les changements climatiques en cours augmentent les risques d’incendies, une hausse de la fréquence des feux constitue une menace pour les populations locales (qualité de l’air, risques sanitaires, décès, etc.), les ressources forestières (déforestation, baisse de volume bois, etc.) et l’environnement (perte d’habitats naturels, hausse des émissions de CO2, pollution diverse, etc.). Comprendre les dynamiques passées aidera à gérer durablement les forêts boréales et à anticiper les effets des changements climatiques futurs. A l'aide d’analyses paléoécologiques multiproxies (chironomes, charbon de bois, pollen) de trois carottes sédimentaires (lacs Mista et Adèle (est du Québec), Aurélie (Ouest du Québec)), nous avons documenté les interactions à long terme entre le climat, le feu et la végétation le long d’un gradient longitudinal est-ouest du Québec au cours des 8500 dernières années. Nos résultats suggèrent l'existence d'un fort contraste de températures estivales entre l'est et l'ouest du Québec avant 7000 ans AA (avant l’actuel). Dans l'est, durant cette période, l'influence indirecte des vestiges de l'Inlandsis Laurentidien et les conditions de surface de l'océan contrebalancent l'insolation maximale pour induire des conditions estivales plus fraîches. La température estivale maximale n'est atteinte qu'entre 6000 et 5000 ans AA. L'ouest du Québec est peu ou pas affecté par ces influences et l'évolution des températures semble parallèle à la diminution de l'insolation pendant l'été, avec un maximum de températures autour de 7500 ans AA. Les changements de températures estivales ne semblent pas jouer un rôle prépondérant sur la dynamique de la végétation et des feux à l’est du Québec. La dynamique à long terme de la pessière à mousses de l’est est contrôlée, entre autres, par la taille et la fréquence des feux. Au lac Adèle, la pessière à mousses s'est ouverte vers 3000 ans AA. Mais le seuil de résilience de Picea mariana a probablement été dépassé vers 1500 ans AA, conduisant à la transformation de la pessière à mousses en pessière à lichens. Des incendies récurrents à intervalles rapprochés semblent être le principal mécanisme de déclenchement. Au lac Mista, la pessière à mousses s'est ouverte vers 2000 ans AA, mais elle s’est probablement redensifiée au cours des 300 dernières années. Bien que la pessière à mousses semble résiliente, elle reste dans un état d'équilibre précaire car la fréquence des incendies pourrait augmenter dans le contexte du changement climatique et déclencher la transformation de la pessière à mousses en pessière à lichens. A l’opposé des sites à l’est du Québec, à Aurélie (ouest du Québec), les feux semblent moins récurrents avec le refroidissement de la température estivale. Il existe une relation entre les variations de température estivale et la végétation. Il y a donc un contraste entre l’est et l’ouest sur les processus de contrôle de la dynamique de la végétation. / Fire, climate and their interactions are key factors in the dynamics of boreal forests. In a context where the ongoing climate change is increasing fire risk, a rise in fire frequency poses a threat to local populations (air quality, health risks, deaths, etc.), forest resources (deforestation, drop in timber volume, etc.) and the environment (loss of natural habitats, rise in CO2 emissions, various types of pollution, etc.). Understanding past dynamics will help to manage boreal forests sustainably and anticipate the effects of future climate change. Using multiproxy paleoecological analyses (chironomids, charcoal, pollen) of three sediment cores (lakes Mista and Adèle (eastern Quebec), Aurélie (western Quebec)), we have documented the long-term interactions between climate, fire and vegetation along a longitudinal east-west gradient in Quebec over the past 8500 years. Our results suggest the existence of a strong contrast in summer temperature between eastern and western Quebec prior to 7000 years BP (before present). In the east, during this period, the indirect influence of the remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and ocean surface conditions offset maximum insolation to induce cooler summer conditions. Maximum summer temperatures were only reached between 6000 and 5000 cal yr BP. Western Quebec is little or unaffected by these influences, and the evolution of temperatures parallels the decrease in insolation during summer, with a temperature maximum around 7500 cal yr BP. Changes in summer temperatures are probably not the main factor controlling fire and vegetation dynamics in eastern Quebec. The long-term dynamic of the eastern spruce-moss forest is controlled, among other things, by the size and frequency of fires. At Lake Adèle, the spruce-moss forest opened around 3000 cal yr BP. But the resilience threshold of Picea mariana was probably exceeded around 1500 cal yr BP, leading to the transformation of the spruce-moss forest into a lichen woodland. Recurrent fires at short intervals seem to be the main triggering mechanism. At Lake Mista, the moss forest opened around 2000 cal yr BP, but has probably redensified over the last 300 years. Although the spruce-moss forest seems resilient, it remains in a precarious state of equilibrium, as the frequency of fires could increase in the context of climate change, triggering the transformation of the spruce-moss forest into a lichen woodland. In contrast to the sites in eastern Quebec, in Aurélie (western Quebec), fires seem to recur less frequently as summer temperatures cool. There is a relationship between summer temperature variations and vegetation. There is therefore a contrast between east and west in terms of the processes controlling vegetation dynamics.