abstract: Objective: Vinegar consumption studies have demonstrated possible therapeutic effects in reducing HbA1c and postprandial glycemia. The purpose of the study was to closely examine the effects of a commercial vinegar drink on daily fluctuations in fasting glucose concentrations and postprandial glycemia, and on HbA1c, in individuals at risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D). Design: Thirteen women and one man (21-62 y; mean, 46.0±3.9 y) participated in this 12-week parallel-arm trial. Participants were recruited from a campus community and were healthy and not diabetic by self-report. Participants were not prescribed oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin; other medications were allowed if use was stable for > 3 months. Subjects were randomized to one of two groups: VIN (8 ounces vinegar drink providing 1.5 g acetic acid) or CON (1 vinegar pill providing 0.04 g acetic acid). Treatments were taken twice daily immediately prior to the lunch and dinner meals. Venous blood samples were drawn at trial weeks 0 and 12 to measure insulin, fasting glucose, and HbA1c. Subjects recorded fasting glucose and 2-h postprandial glycemia concentrations daily using a glucometer. Results: The VIN group showed significant reductions in fasting capillary blood glucose concentrations (p=0.05) that were immediate and sustained throughout the duration of the study. The VIN group had reductions in 2-h postprandial glucose (mean change of −7.6±6.8 mg/dL over the 12-week trial), but this value was not significantly different than that for the CON group (mean change of 3.3±5.3 mg/dL over the 12-week trial, p=0.232). HbA1c did not significantly change (p=0.702), but the reduction in HbA1c in the VIN group, −0.14±0.1%, may have physiological relevance. Conclusions: Significant reductions in HbA1c were not observed after daily consumption of a vinegar drink containing 1.5 g acetic acid in non-diabetic individuals. However, the vinegar drink did significantly reduce fasting capillary blood glucose concentrations in these individuals as compared to a vinegar pill containing 0.04 g acetic acid. These results support a therapeutic effect for vinegar in T2D prevention and progression, specifically in high-risk populations. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2013

Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder encountered in small animal medicine. Problems related with obesity are the higher incidence of morbidity and mortality. Nutritional and physical activity interventions have been common strategies employed; however, they have shown low compliance rates. Because of it more attention has been given to the nutrient composition of diets. Using the canine model, three experiments were conducted to examine the effect of fish oil or barley on protein and lipid metabolism, as well as postprandial glycemia, and nutrient digestibility in mature and in young adult dogs. In Exp. 1, seven female dogs were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control (CO) or fish oil (FO), in a crossover design. Animals fed the FO diet tended to be more sensitive to glucose, showing a lower glucose half life. Cholesterol and HDL decreased (p<0.05) on the FO treatment. Overall, the supplementation of fish oil may improve glucose clearance rate and is effective in decreasing cholesterol in mature overweight dogs. In Exp. 2, eight female Beagles were randomly assigned to one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets, control (CO) or fish oil (FO), in a crossover design. Overall, feeding a FO containing diet showed a protective effect against the rise of plasma CHOL and it increased plasma ghrelin levels. However, it did not appear to improve protein metabolism or postprandial glycemia in adult lean dogs. In Exp. 3, sixteen female dogs were randomly assigned to four experimental diets; control (40% corn) or three levels of barley (10, 20, 40%). The data suggest that inclusion of barley up to 40% in diets for adult dogs is well tolerated and does not negatively impact nutrient digestibility of the diets. However, inclusion of barley did not improve aspects related to fecal odor, postprandial glycemia, or plasma cholesterol. Overall, the research presented herein suggests that different nutritional strategies - dietary lipid or carbohydrate manipulation - may be beneficial in ameliorating health issues (e.g., hyperlipidemia) or in improving the health status of dogs (e.g., gut health by increased SCFA production).

abstract: Background: Acetic acid in vinegar has demonstrated antiglycemic effects in previous studies; however, the mechanism is unknown. Objective: To determine whether acetic acid dissociates in the addition of sodium chloride and describe a flavorful vinaigrette that maintains the functional properties of acetic acid. Design: Phase I - Ten healthy subjects (23-40 years) taste tested five homemade vinaigrette and five commercial dressings. Perceived saltiness, sweetness, tartness, and overall tasted were scored using a modified labeled affective magnitude scale. Each dressing was tested three times for pH with a calibrated meter. Phase II – Randomized crossover trial testing six dressings against a control dressing two groups of nine healthy adult subjects (18-52 years). Height, weight and calculated body mass index (BMI) were performed at baseline. Subjects participated in four test sessions each, at least seven days apart. After a 10-hour fast, participants consumed 38g of the test drink, followed by a bagel meal. Capillary blood glucose was obtained at fasting, and every 30 minutes over a 2-hour period the test meal. Results: Dressing pH reduced as sodium content increased. In the intervention trials, no significant differences were observed between groups (p >0.05). The greatest reduction in postprandial glycemia (~21%) was observed in the dressing containing 200 mg of sodium. Effect size was large in both group 1 (η2=0.161) and group 2 (η2=0.577). Conclusion: The inclusion of sodium into acetic acid may impair its ability to attenuate blood glucose after a meal. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2017

O Brasil possui diversas frutas nativas, algumas consideradas potentes fontes de compostos bioativos fenólicos (CBF) como, por exemplo, a cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) que é um fruto nativo do bioma cerrado pertencente à família das Mirtáceas. Alguns CBF presentes nos frutos desta família são capazes de inibir as enzimas envolvidas na digestão dos carboidratos &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. A inibição destas enzimas retarda a absorção de glicose sanguínea reduzindo, assim, a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sucos de cagaita, clarificado e não clarificado, ricos em elagitaninos e proantocianidinas, sobre a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial de indivíduos pré-diabéticos sem uso de fármacos capazes de influenciar o metabolismo de glicose e insulina, após o consumo de 50 g de pão francês. Três diferentes refeições foram consumidas pelos voluntários (n=14). A primeira foi composta por pão branco (50 g) mais água (300 mL) como controle; a segunda, pão branco (50 g) mais suco cagaita clarificado (300 mL), e a última refeição consistia em pão branco (50 g) mais suco de fruta cagaita não clarificado (300 mL). Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sucos reduziram quantidade total de glicose absorvida (AUC) em 56% (suco clarificado) e 71% (não clarificado) e insulina liberada em 59% (suco clarificado) e 69% (não clarificado), após a ingestão do pão branco. Embora a velocidade de incremento da glicose (VIG) não tenha apresentado diferenças significativas, o incremento absoluto de glucose (IAG), incremento percentual de glicose (IPG) e valores de pico de glicose (VPG) e insulina (VPI) foram significativamente menores do que os de controle (p < 0,05). Além disso, após a ingestão de sucos cagaita observou-se um aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma em indivíduos que consumiram as refeições (p < 0,05). / Brazil has several native fruits, some of them are considered potential sources of phenolic compounds. Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) is a native fruit from Cerrado region belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Some polyphenols presents in fruits of this family may be able to act on inhibition of enzymes related to carbohydrates such as &#945;-amylase and &#945;- glucosidase in vitro. The inhibition of those enzymes activities delays blood glucose absorption, thereby reducing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. This study aimed to assess the effect of cagaita fruit juices, clarified and non-clarified, rich in phenolic compounds including ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins, on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses from a bread meal (50 g), in prediabetic humans who were not taking medications known to influence glucose or insulin metabolism. Three different meals were consumed by volunteers (n=14). The first one consisted of white bread (50 g) plus water (300 mL) as a control; the second one, white bread (50 g) plus clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL), and the last one white bread (50 g) plus non-clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL). The results showed that both cagaita fruit juices reduced the total amount of glucose absorbed (AUC) by 56% (clarified juice) and 71% (non-clarified) and insulin released by 59% (clarified juice) and 69% (non-clarified), after the ingestion of white bread. Although glucose incremental velocity (GIV) did not show significant differences, absolute increase of glucose (AIg), glucose incremental percentage (GIP) and peak values of glucose (GPV) and insulin (IPV) were significantly lower than those of control (p < 0.05). Also, after ingestion of cagaita juices it was observed an increased antioxidant capacity of plasma in subjects that consumed the meals (p < 0.05).

Algumas frutas nativas brasileiras podem ser consideradas excelentes fontes de compostos bioativos de natureza fenólica. Destacamos, dentre elas, o cambuci, o araçá, o camu-camu, a cagaita, algumas espécies de maracujá silvestres e a jabuticaba. Alguns destes compostos são capazes de inibir as enzimas do metabolismo de carboidratos in vitro. A inibição das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase retardam e prolonga o tempo de digestão de carboidratos reduzindo, assim, a proporção e a velocidade de glicose absorvida e, consequentemente, o aumento brusco de glicose pós-prandial no plasma. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de sucos clarificados de frutas nativas brasileiras sobre a glicemia pós-prandial em seres humanos, após consumo de uma unidade de pão branco (Tipo pão francês com aproximadamente 55 g), e estudar o efeito dos compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos sobre as enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que todos os sucos clarificados, excetuando-se o de maracujá-alho (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), tiveram efeito positivo sobre a glicemia pós-prandial, causando redução da quantidade total de glicose absorvida (cambuci (campomanesia phae O.Berg.), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dúbia Mc Vaugh) e araçá (Psidium guineensis Sw)), aumento no tempo para atingir a concentração sanguínea máxima de glicose (camu-camu e cambuci), diminuição na velocidade de incremento da glicose (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araçá e jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) e diminuição do incremento percentual da glicose (todos os sucos exceto o de maracujá-alho). O consumo dos sucos causou ainda aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma. Os compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos testados foram capazes de inibir a atividade das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro, sendo que, excetuando-se o suco de jabuticaba, todos foram mais eficientes que a acarbose na inibição da &#945;-glicosidase / Some native Brazilian fruit can be considered excellent sources of bioactive compounds of phenolic nature. Featuring, among them, the cambuci, the araça, camu-camu, the cagaita, some species of wild passion and jabuticaba. Some of these compounds are able of inhibiting the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. Inhibition of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase slow and prolongs the digestion of carbohydrates, thus reducing the rate and velocity of glucose absorbed and therefore the sudden increase of postprandial glucose in plasma. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of fruit juices clarified Brazilian native on postprandial glycemia in humans following consumption of a unit of white bread (French bread type with approximately 55 g), and study the effect of phenolic compounds purified from the juices of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glucosidase in vitro. The results showed that all juices clarified, except the passion fruit garlic (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), had a positive effect on postprandial glycemia, causing reduction in the total amount of glucose absorbed (cambuci (Campomanesia phae O.Berg .), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dubious Mc Vaughn) and araça (Psidium guineensis Sw)), increase in the time to reach maximum blood concentration of glucose (camu-camu and cambuci), decrease in speed of glucose increment (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araça and jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) and decreased percentage increase in glucose (all except the passion garlic fruit juices). The consumption of juice also caused an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Phenolic compounds purified from the juices tested were able to inhibit the activity of enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase in vitro, and, except for the juice jabuticaba, all were more efficient than acarbose in inhibiting &#945;- glycosidase

O Brasil possui diversas frutas nativas, algumas consideradas potentes fontes de compostos bioativos fenólicos (CBF) como, por exemplo, a cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) que é um fruto nativo do bioma cerrado pertencente à família das Mirtáceas. Alguns CBF presentes nos frutos desta família são capazes de inibir as enzimas envolvidas na digestão dos carboidratos &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. A inibição destas enzimas retarda a absorção de glicose sanguínea reduzindo, assim, a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sucos de cagaita, clarificado e não clarificado, ricos em elagitaninos e proantocianidinas, sobre a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial de indivíduos pré-diabéticos sem uso de fármacos capazes de influenciar o metabolismo de glicose e insulina, após o consumo de 50 g de pão francês. Três diferentes refeições foram consumidas pelos voluntários (n=14). A primeira foi composta por pão branco (50 g) mais água (300 mL) como controle; a segunda, pão branco (50 g) mais suco cagaita clarificado (300 mL), e a última refeição consistia em pão branco (50 g) mais suco de fruta cagaita não clarificado (300 mL). Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sucos reduziram quantidade total de glicose absorvida (AUC) em 56% (suco clarificado) e 71% (não clarificado) e insulina liberada em 59% (suco clarificado) e 69% (não clarificado), após a ingestão do pão branco. Embora a velocidade de incremento da glicose (VIG) não tenha apresentado diferenças significativas, o incremento absoluto de glucose (IAG), incremento percentual de glicose (IPG) e valores de pico de glicose (VPG) e insulina (VPI) foram significativamente menores do que os de controle (p < 0,05). Além disso, após a ingestão de sucos cagaita observou-se um aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma em indivíduos que consumiram as refeições (p < 0,05). / Brazil has several native fruits, some of them are considered potential sources of phenolic compounds. Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) is a native fruit from Cerrado region belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Some polyphenols presents in fruits of this family may be able to act on inhibition of enzymes related to carbohydrates such as &#945;-amylase and &#945;- glucosidase in vitro. The inhibition of those enzymes activities delays blood glucose absorption, thereby reducing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. This study aimed to assess the effect of cagaita fruit juices, clarified and non-clarified, rich in phenolic compounds including ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins, on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses from a bread meal (50 g), in prediabetic humans who were not taking medications known to influence glucose or insulin metabolism. Three different meals were consumed by volunteers (n=14). The first one consisted of white bread (50 g) plus water (300 mL) as a control; the second one, white bread (50 g) plus clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL), and the last one white bread (50 g) plus non-clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL). The results showed that both cagaita fruit juices reduced the total amount of glucose absorbed (AUC) by 56% (clarified juice) and 71% (non-clarified) and insulin released by 59% (clarified juice) and 69% (non-clarified), after the ingestion of white bread. Although glucose incremental velocity (GIV) did not show significant differences, absolute increase of glucose (AIg), glucose incremental percentage (GIP) and peak values of glucose (GPV) and insulin (IPV) were significantly lower than those of control (p < 0.05). Also, after ingestion of cagaita juices it was observed an increased antioxidant capacity of plasma in subjects that consumed the meals (p < 0.05).

Algumas frutas nativas brasileiras podem ser consideradas excelentes fontes de compostos bioativos de natureza fenólica. Destacamos, dentre elas, o cambuci, o araçá, o camu-camu, a cagaita, algumas espécies de maracujá silvestres e a jabuticaba. Alguns destes compostos são capazes de inibir as enzimas do metabolismo de carboidratos in vitro. A inibição das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase retardam e prolonga o tempo de digestão de carboidratos reduzindo, assim, a proporção e a velocidade de glicose absorvida e, consequentemente, o aumento brusco de glicose pós-prandial no plasma. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de sucos clarificados de frutas nativas brasileiras sobre a glicemia pós-prandial em seres humanos, após consumo de uma unidade de pão branco (Tipo pão francês com aproximadamente 55 g), e estudar o efeito dos compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos sobre as enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que todos os sucos clarificados, excetuando-se o de maracujá-alho (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), tiveram efeito positivo sobre a glicemia pós-prandial, causando redução da quantidade total de glicose absorvida (cambuci (campomanesia phae O.Berg.), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dúbia Mc Vaugh) e araçá (Psidium guineensis Sw)), aumento no tempo para atingir a concentração sanguínea máxima de glicose (camu-camu e cambuci), diminuição na velocidade de incremento da glicose (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araçá e jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) e diminuição do incremento percentual da glicose (todos os sucos exceto o de maracujá-alho). O consumo dos sucos causou ainda aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma. Os compostos fenólicos purificados a partir dos sucos testados foram capazes de inibir a atividade das enzimas &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro, sendo que, excetuando-se o suco de jabuticaba, todos foram mais eficientes que a acarbose na inibição da &#945;-glicosidase / Some native Brazilian fruit can be considered excellent sources of bioactive compounds of phenolic nature. Featuring, among them, the cambuci, the araça, camu-camu, the cagaita, some species of wild passion and jabuticaba. Some of these compounds are able of inhibiting the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in vitro. Inhibition of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase slow and prolongs the digestion of carbohydrates, thus reducing the rate and velocity of glucose absorbed and therefore the sudden increase of postprandial glucose in plasma. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of fruit juices clarified Brazilian native on postprandial glycemia in humans following consumption of a unit of white bread (French bread type with approximately 55 g), and study the effect of phenolic compounds purified from the juices of the enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glucosidase in vitro. The results showed that all juices clarified, except the passion fruit garlic (Passiflora tenuifila Killip), had a positive effect on postprandial glycemia, causing reduction in the total amount of glucose absorbed (cambuci (Campomanesia phae O.Berg .), cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC), camu-camu (Myciaria dubious Mc Vaughn) and araça (Psidium guineensis Sw)), increase in the time to reach maximum blood concentration of glucose (camu-camu and cambuci), decrease in speed of glucose increment (cambuci, cagaita, camu-camu, araça and jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg)) and decreased percentage increase in glucose (all except the passion garlic fruit juices). The consumption of juice also caused an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Phenolic compounds purified from the juices tested were able to inhibit the activity of enzymes &#945;-amylase and &#945;-glycosidase in vitro, and, except for the juice jabuticaba, all were more efficient than acarbose in inhibiting &#945;- glycosidase

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