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Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'Kalifa, Ali. January 1997 (has links)
The effect of salinity on phosphorus (P) absorption kinetics by 'Russet Burbank' cv. potato propagated by tissue culture technique was studied in the laboratory. Nine clones of the cultivar were evaluated for their salt tolerance at the vegetative stage by using in vitro culture. Four concentrations of NaCl (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM) were used in the experiments. The first experiment was carried out to study the effect of salinity on P absorption by using radiophosphorus ($ sp{32}$P) as a marker. P absorption showed a quadratic relationship with time. In general, there was a significant reduction in P absorption as the NaCl concentration increased in the nutrient medium. However, the root tip concentration of $ sp{32}$P increased with increased salt concentration. When P concentration in the nutrient medium was increased, $ sp{32}$P activity was also increased with time at 120 mM salt concentration. The activity of radiophosphorus decreased on root tips when P concentration in the nutrient medium was increased to 2.5 mM P. The second experiment was conducted in tissue culture using nodal cutting bioassay. The plant morphological parameters of shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight were reduced for all nine clones as salinity increased. The clone PEI#1 (tu) exhibited high salt tolerance characteristics.
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Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'Kalifa, Ali. January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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Evaluation of yield and quality of five potato cultivars grown in Southwest VirginiaAjuoga, Okeyo James 04 December 2009 (has links)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Atlantic, BelRus, Kennebec, Superior, and Yukon Gold, grown at six locations in Southwest Virginia, were analyzed for yield, percent dry weight, specific gravity, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid. Thereafter. tubers were cold stored at 3 C for six weeks, reconditioned at 25 C for two weeks, and analyzed for percent dry weight, specific gravity, soluble protein, and ascorbic acid. Potato grown in one location was analyzed for glucose, fructose, sucrose, and total sugars. Another experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed type and in-row spacing on yield and quality of Yukon Gold.
Cultivar and location influenced yield and quality of potato at harvest, after cold storage, and following reconditioning. Kennebec, Atlantic, and Yukon Gold produced higher yield of US No. 1 tubers than Superior and BelRus. Atlantic and BelRus had higher percent dry weight and specific gravity than the other cultivars. Specific gravity increased during cold storage and following reconditioning. Percent dry weight increased during reconditioning but did not change during cold storage. / Master of Science
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The application of novel methods for increasing the yield of small round seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties Atlantic and GranolaArpiwi, Ni Luh January 2004 (has links)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties Atlantic and Granola are widely grown in Indonesia. The optimal method of cultivation in the tropics, due to the susceptibility of cut seed for disease, is by small (20 to 55 g) whole seed potatoes. However, the variety Atlantic produces mostly large tubers, which are not suitable for planting as whole seeds. Although Granola produces a reasonable proportion of small tubers it still produces a few in the larger size grades and there is no fresh market in Western Australia for the larger tubers for this variety. The aim of this study was to develop methods to be used in Western Australia that improve the yield of small seed potatoes for export to Indonesia. The influence of seed-potato storage duration (at 4°C) on subsequent stem growth was assessed after 30 days growth in a glasshouse (22°C/18°C, day⁄night). Seed potato storage for 22-28 (Atlantic) and 24-30 (Granola) weeks resulted in development of higher numbers of stems. A series of field experiment were designed to increase yield of small tubers. Apical sprout removal in Granola, but not Atlantic, increased the number of stems (by 27%), yield of 20-55 g potato (by 32%) and total yield (by 17%). Application of herbicide (paraquat + diquat) at low concentration during early tuber initiation decreased total yield in Atlantic (by 14%) and Granola (by 16%). Treating whole seed potatoes with carvone vapor two weeks before planting had no influence on stem or tuber number in both Atlantic and Granola but in Atlantic only, the total yield was reduced by 12%. Spraying plants with paclobutrazol during early tuber initiation inconsistently influenced tuber number and yield between the two varieties and two experiments. The influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) on stem number, total tuber number, yield of 20-55 g tubers and total yield was investigated by dipping seed pieces in a GA3 solution (20 mg⁄L) two days prior to planting. In Atlantic, GA3 treatment increased stem number (by 147%), total tuber number (by 75%) and yield of 20-55 g tubers (by 330%) without influencing total yield. In Granola, GA3 treatment increased stem number (by 50%), total tuber number (by 15%), yield of 20-55 g tubers (by 21%) and total yield (by 10%) The influence of gibberellic acid application (20 mg⁄L) to seed pieces before planting increased the number of small tubers through increased stem number. The shift toward a greater proportion of small tubers, without reducing total yield, had a greater influence in Atlantic than that in Granola. Treatment of GA3 and paclobutrazol together decreased total yield compared to that of GA3 alone
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Predicting Potato Yield Loss Due to Metribuzin Sensitivity in North DakotaIbrahim, Razi January 2018 (has links)
A linear-log model to predict yield loss due to metribuzin injury was established by Love et. al. in 1993. Two experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate and improve this model for application in North Dakota (ND). Metribuzin was applied (1.12 a.i./ha) when potato plants were 20-30 cm tall at Inkster, ND. The model did not accurately predict yield loss in 2016 but performed better in 2017. Foliar injury was more correlated with yield reduction than relative plant height. Results also indicated that new models that used foliar injury at 21 days after treatment (DAT) data and at 7 DAT data, most accurately predicted total yield loss and marketable yield loss, respectively. The new model performed similar to the previous model, but unlike previous model it can predict yield loss very early in growing season (21 DAT). / USDA Specialty Block Grant Program
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Breeding sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) for drought tolerance in Kenya.Kivuva, Benjamin Musembi. January 2013 (has links)
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is an important food crop in East Africa including
Kenya. The crop incurs high yield losses in production due to biotic (insect pests and diseases)
and abiotic (drought, and heat) constraints. Among abiotic constraints, drought is the most
important. Prolonged periods of drought in arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya have led to
reduced quantity and quality of sweetpotato storage roots and in severe cases caused total crop
failure. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine sweetpotato production system
constraints and farmers’ coping strategies; 2) evaluate sweetpotato clones for yield performance
and drought tolerance; 3) analyse genotype x environment interaction and stability for storage
root yield of selected clones, 4) determine mechanisms of drought tolerance in sweetpotato, and
5) determine combining ability and heterosis for yield and drought tolerance traits under
managed drought stress conditions.
To determine the production constraints and farmers’ coping strategies, a survey was
conducted in central, eastern and western Kenya. Out of 345 farmers interviewed, 60% were
women, and 40% men. Farm sizes ranged from 0.4-0.8 ha, with 90% of sweetpotato cultivated
on 0.2 ha or less. The main sweetpotato varieties were Vitaa, Kabonde and Bungoma and the
majority of farmer’s used their own conserved planting material which was conserved by leaving
them in the field after harvest. About 35% of the farmers identified weevils as the major pest,
and sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) as the major disease, while 28% of the farmers identified
drought as a major constraint. The farmers used clean seed, high yielding varieties, high
planting density, and manure application as the main strategies to cope with sweetpotato
production constraints.
Eighty four sweetpotato clones were evaluated under managed drought stress environments at
KARI-Kiboko and KARI-Thika. Drought reduced the fresh weight of storage roots (FSR)
(72.5%), fresh biomass weight (FB) (74.0%), marketable fresh storage root (MFSR) (80.7%),
number of storage roots (NSR) (24.5%), days to permanent wilting point (DPWP) (0.3%), but
seemed to increase percent root dry matter (% RDM) (-4.7%), harvest index (HI) (-2.6%), and
chlorophyll content (CC) (-2.7%). Across the environments, genotypes 194555.7 (1.06), 421066
(1.05), Chingovu (0.94), 420014 (0.91), Excel (0.9), 199062.1 (0.87) and Unawazambane06-01
(0.81) gave higher FSR yields (kg plant-1) than the local checks. Genotypes Nyarmalo and
Polista were among the lowest yielding in the irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Clones
W119, 441725, and Xiadla-xa-kau were the highest yielding under the drought stress
conditions.
The performance of 24 improved clones was evaluated in replicated trials at KARI-Thika and
KARI-Kiboko using 24 sweetpotato clones grown under managed drought stress conditions for
two seasons. AMMI, GGE biplots and regression analyses were conducted to determine
stability of the clones. Mean FSR was significantly different (P < 0.001) in the two research sites
with the environment contributing to 92.7% of the total variation, genotype 1.8%, and
interactions 0.4%. AMMI and GGE biplots, and regression indicated the most stable clones to
be 441725, Unawazambane06-01 and 189150.1, while Xiadla-xa-kau was the least stable.
To gather more information on drought tolerance mechanisms expressed in the sweetpotato
genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the greenhouse using clones expressing different
levels of drought tolerance in the field. The results showed more under-developed roots (pencil
roots) in the drought stressed regimes than in the irrigated regimes and in the drought
susceptible genotypes. Drought tolerant genotypes produced more FSR and NSR. The number
of vine branches (NVB), vine tip pubescence (VTP) and mature leaf pubescence (MLP)
increased with reduction of drought stress however, drought tolerant clones had reduced NVB.
Drought stressed clones had shorter basal vine length (BVL), reduced CC, and reduced leaf
growth (LG). Drought stress reduced growth of vines in terms of internodes length, internodes
diameter, vine length, petioles length, and leaf CC. Overall, for the first time, the study
demonstrated that drought stress in the first three months after planting, leads to the
proliferation of non-edible pencil roots, which do not become edible storage roots even when
drought stress is removed. Therefore, water is critical during this period for improved
sweetpotato storage root yield, probably as a drought tolerant mechanism.
Combining ability for yield and drought tolerance of 15 F1 sweetpotato families generated
through a half diallel mating of six parents was evaluated at KARI-Kiboko in 2012. Significant
(P≤0.05) general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were
recorded for root yield in both drought stress and no stress conditions, indicating that both
additive and dominance gene effects were important in the inheritance of resistance to drought
stress. Progenies from families G2, G5, G7, G8, G10, G12 and G15 had good SCA for fresh
storage root yield, total biomass, number of days to permanent wilting point (DPWP), harvest
index, and drought stress index (DSI). Progeny 8 from family G4, 5 and 8 from G15, had the
highest mid and best parent heterotic effect (117-270%) for fresh storage root yield in both
drought stress and no stress conditions. Progeny 6, and 7 from family G10, had the highest mid
and best parent heterotic effect (165-234%) for fresh total biomass yield under no drought
stress conditions. In conclusion, the progenies from families G2, G5, G7, G8, G10, G12 and
G15 that had high yield and biomass specific combining ability under drought and no drought
stress indicated that they could be having drought tolerant genes, and therefore could be
incorporated into advanced drought screening trials with the aim of releasing the best
performing drought tolerant varieties. Secondly, the findings in this study lay a foundation for
sweetpotato breeding programmes on drought tolerance. Thirdly, for the first time, this study
uniquely combines yield performance, combining ability estimates, days to permanent wilting
point and heterosis under contrasting moisture regimes to unmask the gene action of drought
tolerance in sweetpotato, a milestone in science. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Breeding of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) for storage root yield and resistance to Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight (Alternaria spp.) in Uganda.Sseruwu, Godfrey. January 2013 (has links)
Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight is an important disease of sweetpotato (Ipomoea
batatas (L.) Lam.) causing yield losses in both landraces and improved cultivars. The most
important species causing economic yield loss in Uganda are Alternaria bataticola and A.
alternate with A. bataticola the most aggressive and widely distributed. The study was
conducted to: i) establish farmer-preferred sweet potato attributes, production constraints and
Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight awareness; ii) evaluate Ugandan sweet potato
germplasm for Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight resistance; iii) determine the mode of
inheritance of resistance to Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight and storage root yield
components of sweet potato through estimation of the general combining ability (GCA) of the
parents and the specific combining ability (SCA) of the parents for each cross; and iv)
determine the adaptability and farmer acceptability of selected F1 genotypes across
environments. The participatory rural appraisal was conducted to establish farmer
preferences and production constraints revealed that farmer preferred sweet-potato traits
were high yield, sweetness (taste), early maturity, high dry mass, resistance to pests and
diseases, and in-field root storability after maturity. A majority of the farmers considered
Alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight a serious production constraint causing yield loss of
over 50%. The main control measures against the disease were roguing of infected plants,
spraying with fungicides, use of healthy planting materials and planting resistant genotypes.
Thirty sweet potato land races and improved cultivars were evaluated for Alternaria blight
severity; yield, dry mass, harvest index, sweetpotato weevil (Cylas spp.) damage and
sweetpotato virus disease at two sites (Namulonge and Kachwekano) over three seasons
(2010B, 2011A, 2011B) under Alternaria inoculum and fungicide spray treatments. Landrace
Shock was more resistant to Alternaria blight than Tanzania, the resistant check. Genotypes
NASPOT 1, NASPOT 7, New Kawogo and Dimbuka were the most susceptible. Thirty two
F1 families were generated from 16 parents in two sets in a North Carolina II mating scheme.
The families were evaluated at two sites using a 5 x 7 row-column design with two
replications. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among the families in Alternaria
blight severity. Both GCA and SCA mean squares (MS) for Alternaria blight were highly
significant (P<0.001) but the predominance of GCA sum of squares (SS) for Alternaria blight
at 67.4% of the treatment SS versus 32.6% for SCA SS indicated that additive effects were
more important than the non-additive effects in controlling this trait. For the yield
components, the GCA MS were significant (P<0.05) and accounted for more than 60% of
the treatment SS except for percentage dry mass composition where SCA SS accounted for
53.0% of the treatment SS implying that non-additive genetic effects were slightly more
important than additive for this trait. Some parents that had desirable high, negative GCA
effects for Alternaria blight produced families with undesirable positive SCA effects and the reverse was also true. This implied that the best parents should not be chosen based on GCA effects alone but also on SCA effects of their best crosses. The promising F1 genotypes selected from previously evaluated crosses together with one Alternaria blight resistant check (Tanzania) and one susceptible check (NASPOT 1) were evaluated at three sites (Namulonge, Kachwekano and Serere) using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Scientists and farmers evaluated the agronomic performance and also quality traits of the genotypes before and at harvest. Genotypes G14, G16, G24, G29, G49, G59 and G69 were the most stable across the sites for low Alternaria blight severity and can, therefore, be recommended for further evaluation under both low and high disease pressure areas. Genotypes G67, G13, G14, G24, G29 and G53 were the most high yielding and stable across the sites and were therefore the most widely adapted. In the participatory selection, before harvest and at harvest, Spearman’s rank correlation of the scientists and farmers’ mean ranking of the genotypes at each site was positive and significant. This indicated that the scientists in the study were capable of selecting for farmer preferred traits. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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Screening sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) for drought tolerance and high β-carotene content in Mozambique.Ricardo, José January 2011 (has links)
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas, L.) is one of the important sources of carbohydrates and
economic income in Mozambique. As with most of the food crops in Mozambique, it is
usually produced by small-scale farmers under dryland conditions. Despite the importance
of the crop, the storage root yields are still low and it is difficult to keep planting material
(vines) for the next planting season. One of the major challenges to production is drought
stress. Drought stress affects sweetpotato by retarding aboveground growth, reducing total
root yield, percentage of dry mass, and reducing the quality of the roots as a result of the
increase in damage caused by the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas formicarius).
The objective of this study was to identify sweetpotato genotypes tolerant to drought
particularly amongst the orange fleshed types which can be used in breeding programmes
to improve the drought tolerance of genotypes grown in Mozambique. To this end, 48
genotypes were evaluated in both field and greenhouse studies conducted at Umbeluzi
Research Station (26º 03’ S, 32ºC 23’ E; 12 masl) located about 30 km from Maputo city.
The field trial was a three replicate, α-design with split-plots. Genotypes were the wholeplot
treatment factor and irrigation levels were the sub-plot treatment factor. The three
irrigation levels imposed were: nonstressed plants irrigated from planting to 120 DAP;
moderately stressed, plants irrigated until 60 DAP; and severely stressed, plants irrigated
until 30 DAP. In the greenhouse trial the 48 genotypes were grown in wooden boxes
arranged in a two replicate, randomized complete block design. The plants were exposed to
water stress from 10 DAP to the end of experiment at 60 DAP.
Genotypes were significantly different for all traits, namely: survival %, vine vigour,
aboveground biomass, total and commercial root yield, total fresh biomass, harvest index, β-carotene content, % dry mass, dry mass yield, incidence of sweetpotato virus disease,
and incidence of weevil damage. Irrigation levels were significant for the traits: survival
%, vine vigour, aboveground biomass, total and commercial root yield, total fresh biomass,
harvest index, β-carotene content, % dry mass, and dry mass yield. Irrigation levels were
not significant for incidence of sweetpotato virus disease and incidence of weevil damage.
The genotypes x irrigation levels interaction was significant for: total and commercial root
yield, and incidence of weevil damage; and not significant for: survival %, vine vigour,
aboveground biomass, total fresh biomass, harvest index, β-carotene content, % dry mass
composition, dry mass yield and incidence of sweetpotato virus disease.
The mean dry mass yields across irrigation levels of the national breeding lines and
introduced genotypes were higher than the landrace genotypes. Most of the national
breeding lines had higher β-carotene content than the introduced and landrace genotypes.
The landrace genotypes had relatively higher % dry mass composition compared to the
national breeding lines.
The stress tolerance index (STI) separated the 48 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated in the
field trial into three groups: drought tolerant (high STI); moderate drought tolerant
(intermediate STI); and drought sensitive (low STI). Under moderate stress, yield potential
(Yp) and yield in a stress environment (Ys) were highly significant, positively correlated
with Mean productivity (MP), Geometric mean productivity (GMP), Stress tolerance index
(STI) and Tolerance index (TOL). Under severe stress the same correlations were reported.
Under moderate and severe stress, the correlation between stress tolerance index (STI) and
Stress susceptibility index (SSI) was significant and negative. In the greenhouse trial, differences between genotypes in vine length increment, vine
diameter increment, leaf width increment and number of nodes vine-1 were significant
(P<0.05). Vine length, vine diameter, leaf width and length increments either increased or
were reduced due to water stress. Less than 10% increment in vine length (between 25 and
50 DAP) was recorded in MGCl01, Atacama, Cordner, Beauregard, and CN1448-49.
Higher than 40% vine length increment was recorded in Jonathan and UNK-Malawi,
Naspot, MUSG0614-24, Resisto, K566632, Tainung64, Ejumula and MUSG0623-09. Vine
diameter decreased in Manhissane and MUSG0616-18. No change in leaf length in Tacna
and Jonathan and in leaf width in Xihetamakote and Resisto-Nairobi was recorded.
The longest petiole length at 30 DAP was recorded by Tacna and the shortest by
Nhacutse4. The longest internode length was recorded in 199062.1. Similar to petiole
length, Nhacuste4 reported the shortest internode length. The highest number of primary
vines was recorded by MUSG0608-61 and lowest by Beauregard. Of the 48 genotypes
exposed to water stress, 18 survived until the end of the greenhouse experiment at 60 DAP
and were therefore considered to be drought tolerant. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2011.
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Towards enhancement of B-carotene content of high dry mass sweetpotato genotypes in Zambia.Chiona, Martin. January 2009 (has links)
The enrichment of B-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the local sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivars is an attractive option in order to improve vitamin A intake in Zambia. The study was conducted to: 1) identify sweetpotato genotypes high in B-carotene content and high root dry mass (RDM) and to determine their combining ability, as measured through their progeny performance; and 2) screen progeny for root characteristics, yield, B-carotene content, and RDM. Firstly, a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted to determine the consumer preferences for sweetpotato. These preferences would form the basis for selecting desirable genotypes. Secondly, five selected parents were crossed in a full diallel for genetic variance studies. A selected subset of the diallel progeny were evaluated in three environments. Thirdly, 15 polycross progeny were evaluated for stability in five environments using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). The PRA revealed that consumers preferred high RDM combined with high fresh root yield. The diallel crosses recorded significant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for B-carotene, RDM, harvest index (HI) and root fresh yield (RFY). The ratios of GCA to SCA variances were large (0.68-0.92). Two high B-carotene parents exhibited positive high GCA effects, indicating that additive gene effects were predominant in the inheritance of B-carotene. Reciprocal mean squares were not significant for RDM but they were significant (p=0.01) for B-carotene content. The estimate of narrow sense heritability of RDM (76.3%) was high; but heritability of B-carotene (20.9%), HI (29.1%) and RFY (34.9%) were much lower. These results suggest that rapid genetic gains should be possible with mass selection breeding techniques based on the phenotype of the parent for RDM but progress will be slow for B-carotene content HI, and RFY. The AMMI analysis identified progeny G2 (B-carotene content = 5.0 mg 100 g-1 and RDM = 37%), G6 (B-carotene content = 4.7 mg 100 g-1 and RDM = 37%), and G8 (B-carotene content = 4.7 mg 100 g-1, RDM = 35%) from the polycross as stable across environments for both B-carotene content and RDM. Genotype G3 was best suited to one of the test environments and had the highest B-carotene content (9.421 mg 100 g-1) and a high RDM (35.47%). / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.
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