Κύριος στόχος αυτής της εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση ενός μοντέλου ανάλυσης ροής φορτίου (ΑΡΦ) το οποίο να ανταποκρίνεται στα σύγχρονα συστήματα διανομής με κατανεμημένη παραγωγή. Η ανάλυση ροής φορτίου είναι μία από τις βασικότερες τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται στην μόνιμη ημιτονοειδή κατάσταση ενός συστήματος ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και ορίζει την βέλτιστη λειτουργία του. Με την ευρεία εισαγωγή στα ΣΗΕ των ανανεώσιμων πηγών, η δομή των παραδοσιακών ΣΗΕ έχει αλλάξει. Σημαντικό μέρος της κατανάλωσης τροφοδοτείται τοπικά και κοντά στα φορτία. Η παραγωγή επομένως αποκτά ολοένα και περισσότερα χαρακτηριστικά κατανεμημένης παραγωγής. Η κατανεμημένη παραγωγή αναπτύσσεται ραγδαία τα τελευταία χρόνια στα συστήματα διανομής. Εξαιτίας αυτής της ανάπτυξης και αλλαγής της δομής του συστήματος επηρεάζεται και η ανάλυση ροής φορτίου. Στην παραδοσιακή ανάλυση ροής φορτίου δεν υπάρχουν πληροφορίες για την κατανομή φορτίου και των απωλειών μεταξύ των κατανεμημένων παραγωγών και της παραγωγής από το σύστημα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας.. Για τον λόγο αυτό νέα μοντέλα ανάλυσης ροής φορτίου θα πρέπει να σχεδιαστούν. Με την παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μία προσπάθεια επανατοποθέτησης και νέας επίλυσης του προβλήματος της ανάλυσης ροής φορτίου ώστε αυτή να λαμβάνει υπόψη τις κατανεμημένες παραγωγές και την παραγωγή του ΣΗΕ, υπό την έννοια ότι και η κατανεμημένη παραγωγή ορίζεται σε κάθε βήμα και δεν θεωρείται εξαρχής σταθερή. Για το σκοπό αυτό επιλέγει μία νέα κατάστρωση του προβλήματος η οποία η οποία αντικαθιστά τον ζυγό αναφοράς με ένα μοντέλο κατανεμημένου ζυγού αναφοράς στις γεννήτριες παραγωγής του κατανεμημένου συστήματος. Το μοντέλο κατανεμημένου ζυγού αναφοράς εισαγάγει παράγοντες συμμετοχής για την κάθε επιμέρους παραγωγή, οι οποίοι είναι ανάλογοι της επίδρασης που έχει η κάθε μία στις απώλειες του συστήματος. Στην συνέχεια οι παράγοντες συμμετοχής υπολογίζονται με την έννοια των περιοχών γεννήτριας. Η περιοχή μίας γεννήτριας ορίζεται με βάση τη φορά ενεργού ισχύος. Αφού αυτή οριστεί, βρίσκεται η συνεισφορά κάθε παραγωγής στις απώλειες του συστήματος. Είναι προφανές ότι η περιοχή τοποθέτησης των παραγωγών καθώς και οι παράμετροι δικτύου επηρεάζουν την κατανομή των απωλειών σε αυτές. Έτσι δοκιμάζεται μία νέα μέθοδος ΑΡΦ με την τεχνική Newton-Raphson βασισμένη στη νέα δομή του συστήματος. Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν να είναι ενθαρρυντικά και βελτιστοποιούν τη συμμετοχή της κατανεμημένης παραγωγής στο σύστημα. / Distribution system operating environments are changing rapidly. With large number of distributed generators (DGs) installed within distribution systems, distribution systems are facing great challenges: the traditional methods for distribution system analysis and planning needs to be revised, and new tools have been developed. This thesis addresses these challenges by using a method of slack bus new modeling. The concept of the distributed slack bus model is used for distribution system analysis and planning. Its impacts on distribution applications are also investigated. The method introduces scalar participation factors to distribute uncertain real power system loss for three-phase power flow calculations. It provides a method to calculate network-based participation factors by using the generator domain based method. Three-phase power flow is a vital analysis tool for distribution systems. In this work, the main objective is to study slack bus modeling and to use the new distributed slack bus model for three-phase power flow. The new method of power flow analysis is tested in a simple power system and the results are satisfactory.

Large interruptions of power supply in the transmission system have considerable impact on modern society. The goal for the transmission system operator (TSO) is to prevent and mitigate such events with optimal decisions in design, planning, operation and maintenance. Identifying critical power components for system reliability provides one important input to this decision-making. This thesis develops quantitative component reliability importance indices applicable for identifying critical components in real transmission systems. Probabilistic models with component failure statistics are combined with detailed power system models evaluated with the AC power flow technique. In the presented method each system component is assigned three importance indices based on outage events expected probability and consequence to (i) reduced system security margin, (ii) interrupted load supply and (iii) disconnected generation units. By ranking components by each of the three interests, a more complete view of the risks to system reliability can be assessed than if, as traditionally, only (ii) is modelled. The impact on security margin is studied in well established critical transfer sections (CTS) supervised by the TSO. TSOs set the CTSs limits [MW] based on deterministic security criteria, with regard to thermal, voltage level, and system stability limits, and the CTSs' condition at post-contingency state is in the method used as an indicator of the system security margin. The methodology is extended with three indices modified to quantify the component importance for common-cause events initiated by acts of sabotage. The developed methods are applied on a significant part of the Great Britain transmission system, modelling 7000 components and 107 substation layouts. The study includes several load demand scenarios, 200 million initiating outage events and non-functioning protection equipment. The resulting component ranking provides an important input to the TSO's decision-making, and could be implemented as a complement to the existing deterministic N-1 criterion. With the methods applied a TSO can perform further and more detailed assessments on a few critical components in order to enhance system reliability for equipment failures and strengthen the system vulnerability against sabotage. / QC 20110920

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:06:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canossa_jh_me_ilha.pdf: 1882807 bytes, checksum: 66b3108cd92af016b3609fdfa0cc517e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho apresenta um programa interativo para a simulação do fluxo de potência e do fluxo de potência continuado. O programa foi desenvolvido no ambiente MATLAB e a simulação é realizada por meio de uma interface gráfica. A interface gráfica não só proporciona um bom desempenho computacional, mas também torna o programa mais amigável para o usuário. Através dela o usuário pode editar os arquivos de entrada e saída e visualizar e analisar os resultados obtidos diretamente na tela do computador. A partir do diagrama unifilar dos sistemas, a interface gráfica permite que o usuário: mude os parâmetros do sistema (dados de barras e de linhas de transmissão); remova uma linha de transmissão com um simples clicar sobre ela; visualize os perfis de tensão nas barras, e os fluxos de potência ativa e reativa nas linhas de transmissão. Todas estas características fazem do programa desenvolvido uma ferramenta recomendada para fins educacionais. / This work presents an interactive computing program for power flow and continuation power flow simulations. The power flow and continuation power flow programs were developed in the MATLAB environment and the simulation is accomplished through a graphical user interface. The graphical user interface provides not only a good computational performance, but also an user-friendly teaching software. With the use of this interface the user can edit the input and output data files of the selected systems and can visualize and analyze the results of the program directly in the computer screen. Directly from the system one-line diagrams, the graphical user interface allows the user: to change the parameters of the system (bus and lines system data); to remove the transmission line clicking directly on it; to visualize the bus voltage profile, and the active and reactive power flows. All these characteristics make the developed program recommended for educational purposes.

The electricity demand increases rapidly, and in order to mitigate climate change the power production needs to be renewable and free from green house gas emissions. When solar and wind power are introduced in the system, voltage instability might become a problem. This study aims to investigate voltage stability and the effects of reactive power compensation. It is done by performing power flow analysis on a simulated power system model in Jämtland, Sweden, with a large share of wind power and a relatively small share of sun power. The simulations are made in MATPOWER (MATLAB). The results reveal that the voltage levels in this study remain stable, with the reactive power being the limiting factor. The use of passive reactive power compensators, like shunt reactors, does not keep reactive power levels in the system within set limits. This study shows that in order to achieve that, active reactive power compensators are required. / Efterfrågan av elektricitet ökar snabbt, och för att kunna mildra klimatförändringarna behöver kraftproduktionen vara förnybar och fri från växtusgasutsläpp. När sol- och vindkraft introduceras kan spänningsstabilitet bli ett problem. Denna studie ämnar att undersöka spänningsstabilitet och effekterna av reaktiv effekt-kompensering. Det görs genom att utföra belastningsfördelningsberäkningar på en simulerad kraftsystem-modell i Jämtland i Sverige, med en stor andel vindkraft och en relativt liten andel solkraft. Simuleringarna görs i MATPOWER (MATLAB). Resultaten visar att spänningsnivåerna i denna studie hålls stabila, där reaktiv effekt är den begränsande faktorn. Användning av passiva reaktiv effekt-kompensatorer så som shuntreaktorer, håller inte de reaktiva effektnivåerna inom önskade gränser. Denna studie visar att, för att kunna uppnå det, så krävs det aktiv reaktiv effekt-kompensering. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

Electric power systems continue to increase in complexity because of the deployment of market mechanisms, the integration of renewable generation and distributed energy resources (DER) (e.g., wind and solar), the penetration of electric vehicles and other price sensitive loads. These revolutionary changes and the consequent increase in uncertainty and dynamicity call for significant modifications to power system operation models including unit commitment (UC), economic load dispatch (ELD) and optimal power flow (OPF). Planning and operation of these ???smart??? electric grids are expected to be impacted significantly, because of the intermittent nature of various supply and demand resources that have penetrated into the system with the recent advances. The main focus of this thesis is on the application of the Affine Arithmetic (AA) method to power system operational problems. The AA method is a very efficient and accurate tool to incorporate uncertainties, as it takes into account all the information amongst dependent variables, by considering their correlations, and hence provides less conservative bounds compared to the Interval Arithmetic (IA) method. Moreover, the AA method does not require assumptions to approximate the probability distribution function (pdf) of random variables. In order to take advantage of the AA method in power flow analysis problems, first a novel formulation of the power flow problem within an optimization framework that includes complementarity constraints is proposed. The power flow problem is formulated as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP), which can take advantage of robust and efficient state-of-the-art nonlinear programming (NLP) and complementarity problems solvers. Based on the proposed MCP formulation, it is formally demonstrated that the Newton-Raphson (NR) solution of the power flow problem is essentially a step of the traditional General Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm. The solution of the proposed MCP model is compared with the commonly used NR method using a variety of small-, medium-, and large-sized systems in order to examine the flexibility and robustness of this approach. The MCP-based approach is then used in a power flow problem under uncertainties, in order to obtain the operational ranges for the variables based on the AA method considering active and reactive power demand uncertainties. The proposed approach does not rely on the pdf of the uncertain variables and is therefore shown to be more efficient than the traditional solution methodologies, such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Also, because of the characteristics of the MCP-based method, the resulting bounds take into consideration the limits of real and reactive power generation. The thesis furthermore proposes a novel AA-based method to solve the OPF problem with uncertain generation sources and hence determine the operating margins of the thermal generators in systems under these conditions. In the AA-based OPF problem, all the state and control variables are treated in affine form, comprising a center value and the corresponding noise magnitudes, to represent forecast, model error, and other sources of uncertainty without the need to assume a pdf. The AA-based approach is benchmarked against the MCS-based intervals, and is shown to obtain bounds close to the ones obtained using the MCS method, although they are slightly more conservative. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm to solve the AA-based OPF problem is shown to be efficient as it does not need the pdf approximations of the random variables and does not rely on iterations to converge to a solution. The applicability of the suggested approach is tested on a large real European power system.

Orientador: Dilson Amâncio Alves / Banca: Sergio Azevedo de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Alberto Castro Júnior / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um programa interativo para a simulação do fluxo de potência e do fluxo de potência continuado. O programa foi desenvolvido no ambiente MATLAB e a simulação é realizada por meio de uma interface gráfica. A interface gráfica não só proporciona um bom desempenho computacional, mas também torna o programa mais amigável para o usuário. Através dela o usuário pode editar os arquivos de entrada e saída e visualizar e analisar os resultados obtidos diretamente na tela do computador. A partir do diagrama unifilar dos sistemas, a interface gráfica permite que o usuário: mude os parâmetros do sistema (dados de barras e de linhas de transmissão); remova uma linha de transmissão com um simples clicar sobre ela; visualize os perfis de tensão nas barras, e os fluxos de potência ativa e reativa nas linhas de transmissão. Todas estas características fazem do programa desenvolvido uma ferramenta recomendada para fins educacionais. / Abstract: This work presents an interactive computing program for power flow and continuation power flow simulations. The power flow and continuation power flow programs were developed in the MATLAB environment and the simulation is accomplished through a graphical user interface. The graphical user interface provides not only a good computational performance, but also an user-friendly teaching software. With the use of this interface the user can edit the input and output data files of the selected systems and can visualize and analyze the results of the program directly in the computer screen. Directly from the system one-line diagrams, the graphical user interface allows the user: to change the parameters of the system (bus and lines system data); to remove the transmission line clicking directly on it; to visualize the bus voltage profile, and the active and reactive power flows. All these characteristics make the developed program recommended for educational purposes. / Mestre

As Europe’s power production becomes increasingly reliant on intermittent renewable energy sources, uncertainties are likely to arise in power generation plans. Similarly, with the growing prevalence of electric vehicles, electric demand is also becoming more uncertain. These uncertainties in both production and demand can lead to challenges for European power systems. This thesis proposes the use of Monte-Carlo simulations to translate uncertainties in power generation and demand into uncertainties in the power grid. To integrate stochasticity in the forecasts, this thesis separates the multivariate probabilistic forecasting problem by first forecasting the marginal loads individually and probabilistically. Copula theory is then used to integrate spatial correlations and create realistic scenarios. These scenarios serve as inputs for Monte-Carlo simulations to estimate uncertainties in the power system. The methodology is tested using power injection data and the power system model of Switzerland. The results demonstrate that integrating stochasticity in forecasts improves the reliability of the power system. The proposed approach effectively models the uncertainty in both production and demand and provides valuable information for decision-making. / I takt med att Europas elproduktion blir alltmer beroende av intermittenta förnybara energikällor kommer det sannolikt att uppstå osäkerheter i planerna för elproduktion. På samma sätt blir efterfrågan på elektricitet mer osäker i takt med att elfordon blir allt vanligare. Dessa osäkerheter i både produktion och efterfrågan kan leda till utmaningar för de europeiska kraftsystemen. I denna avhandling föreslås att Monte-Carlo-simuleringar används för att omvandla osäkerheter i elproduktion och efterfrågan till osäkerheter i elnätet. För att integrera stokasticitet i prognoserna separerar denna avhandling det multivariata probabilistiska prognosproblemet genom att först individuellt och probabilistiskt prognostisera belastningar. Kopulateori används sedan för att integrera rumsliga korrelationer och skapa realistiska scenarier. Dessa scenarier tjänar som indata för Monte-Carlo-simuleringar för att uppskatta osäkerheterna i kraftsystemet. Metodiken testas med hjälp av data om inmatning av el och med hjälp av Schweiz kraftsystem. Resultaten visar att integrering av stokasticitet i prognoser förbättrar kraftsystemets tillförlitlighet. Den föreslagna metoden modellerar effektivt osäkerheten i både produktion och efterfrågan och ger värdefull information för beslutsfattandet.

In recent years, the electric power industry around the world is changing continuously due to transformation from regulated market structure to deregulated market structure. The main aim of the transformation of electric supply industry under open access environment is to overcome the some of the limitations faced by the vertically integrated system. It is believed that this transformation will bring in new technologies, integration of other sources of energy such as wind, solar, fuel cells, bio-gas, etc., which are self sustainable and competitive, and better choice for the consumers and so on. As a result, several new issues and challenges have emerged. One of the main issues in power systems is to support reactive power for maintaining the system voltage profile with an acceptable margin of security and reliability required for system operation. In this context, the thesis addresses some of the problems related to planning and operation of reactive power in power systems. Studies are mainly focused on steady state operation of grid systems, grid connected wind farms and distribution systems as well. The reactive power support and loss allocation using Y-bus approach is proposed. It computes the reactive power contribution from various reactive sources to meet the reactive load demand and losses. Further, the allocation of reactive power loss to load or sink buses is also computed. Detailed case studies are carried out on 11-bus equivalent system of Indian southern region power grid under different loading conditions and also tested on 259-bus equivalent system of Indian western region power grid. A comparative analysis is also carried out with the proportional sharing principle and one of the circuit based approach in the literature to highlight the features of the proposed approach. A new reactive power loss index is proposed for identification of weak buses in the system. The new index is computed from the proposed Y-bus approach for the system under intact condition as well as some severe contingencies cases. Fuzzy logic approach is used to select the important and severe line contingencies from the contingency list. The validation of weak load buses identification from the proposed reactive power loss index with that from other well known existing methods in the literature such as Q-V sensitivity based modal analysis and continuation power flow method is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed index. Then, a short-term reactive power procurement/optimal reactive power dispatch analysis is also carried out to determine the optimum size of the reactive compensation devices to be placed at the weak buses for reactive compensation performance analysis in the system. The proposed approach is illustrated on a sample 5-bus system, and tested on sample 10-bus equivalent system and 72-bus equivalent system of Indian southern region power grid. A comprehensive power flow analysis of PQ type models for wind turbine generating units is presented. The different PQ type models of fixed/semi-variable speed wind turbine generating units are considered for the studies. In addition, the variable speed wind turbine generating units are considered in fixed power factor mode of operation. Based on these models, a comparative analysis is carried out to assess the impact of wind generation on distribution and transmission systems. 27-bus equivalent distribution test system, 93-bus equivalent test system and SR 297-bus equivalent grid connected wind system are considered for the studies. Lastly, reactive power coordination for voltage stability improvement in grid connected wind farms with different types of wind turbine generating units based on fuzzy logic approach is presented. In the proposed approach, the load bus voltage deviation is minimized by changing the reactive power controllers according to their sensitivity using fuzzy set theory. The fixed/semi-variable speed wind turbine generating units are also considered in the studies because of its impact on overall system voltage performance even though they do not support the system for voltage unlike variable speed wind generators. 297-bus equivalent and 417-bus equivalent grid connected wind systems are considered to present the simulation results. A comparative analysis is also carried out with the conventional linear programming based reactive power optimization technique to highlight the features of the proposed approach.

[pt] A alta inserção de geração fontes de energia renovável variável (ERV) tem criado uma demanda por reforços e ampliações do sistema de transmissão existente, demanda essa que traz consigo altos custos de implantação e operação de novos equipamentos de rede. Neste contexto, o processo de cálculo de tarifas de uso do sistema de transmissão ganha destaque, já que este tem o potencial de integrar o planejamento da transmissão ao da geração, e fornecer sinalização econômica locacional aos geradores, revelando os verdadeiros custos de implantação dos geradores do ponto de vista do sistema. No entanto, os processos tarifários atualmente empregados na maioria dos países não promovem esta sinalização adequadamente, principalmente por não levarem em conta características intrínsecas da rede e de e seu planejamento. Este é o caso do Brasil que aplica um processo tarifário que promove sinalização econômica locacional diminuta e distorcida. Muitos estudos sobre o tema, tem focado nos algoritmos de alocação de custos aplicados nos processos tarifários em busca da solução para este problema. No entanto, poucos comentam que este processo conta com uma etapa anterior à alocação de custos, ligada a formulação do cenário de operação do sistema que será utilizado como referência para o cálculo tarifário, e tem grande impacto sobre este. Dessa forma, esta dissertação tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um processo de tarifação com foco na construção e seleção de múltiplos cenários de operação, aderentes aos níveis de confiabilidade utilizados no planejamento, e à sazonalidade das fontes, como referência para alocação de custos baseado no uso do sistema. Por meio desta abordagem, pretende-se embutir maior eficiência, e justiça ao cálculo tarifário, promovendo intensificação da sinalização locacional. Este procedimento proposto, foi aplicado ao sistema Brasileiro a fim de testar suas propriedades e viabilidade em sistemas de grande porte. Seus resultados estão comparados com aplicação da metodologia proposta pela ANEEL na Consulta Pública 39/2021 e se mostram promissores quanto aos objetivos desta dissertação. / [en] The high insertion of generation variable renewable energy sources (ERV) has created a demand for reinforcements and expansions of the existing transmission system, which brings high costs of deployment and operation of new network equipment. In this context, the process of calculating transmission system usage rates gains prominence since it can integrate transmission planning with generation and provide locational economic signaling to generators, revealing the actual costs of implementing generators from the system s point of view. However, the tariff processes currently employed in most countries do not promote this signaling properly, essentially because they do not consider the network s intrinsic characteristics and its planning. This is the case in Brazil that applies a tariff process that promotes small and distorted localist economic signaling. Most studies on the subject have focused on the algorithms of cost allocation applied in tariff processes in search of the solution to this problem. However, few mention that a system operation scenario must be formulated to serve as a reference for the tariff calculation prior to cost allocation. Thus, this dissertation aims to develop a tariff process focused on the construction and selection of multiple operating scenarios, adhering to the reliability levels used in planning and the sources seasonality as a reference for cost allocation based on the use of the system. This approach intends to embed greater efficiency and justice to the tariff calculation, promoting the enhancement of locational signaling. This proposed procedure will be evaluated in terms of desired properties and feasibility in large systems in a case study developed with the Brazilian system. The case study results will be compared with applying the methodology proposed by ANEEL in public consultation 39/2021.

Decision problems in operation and planning of power systems often rely on large-scale models and data sets. Lack of historical power flow data due to regulatory restrictions often limits researchers to study the system with aggregated network models. Aggregated data from the electricity market operators (Nordpool in the Nordics) and the Transmission System Operator (TSO) (from ENTSO-E) are openly available, and can be used to study the power flow and exchanges between different regions but do not directly provide information about intra-region flows. This project builds upon the Nordic 490 system, a previously built model of the Nordic power system. The main objective of this work is to improve the existing open source power flow model of the Nordic power system, in order to become in turn available for the multi-energy modelling and simulation software Spine. The N490 model generates a model of the Nordic power system consisting of various nodes/buses which represent substations at different voltage levels. Then, it distributes the aggregated production, consumption and power exchange data from Nordpool to the various buses. In this project, different possible improvements are evaluated for the model, aiming at estimating a set of network parameters that minimize the errors between the calculated inter-region flows and the ones from the open data repositories. The different improvements which are evaluated are the following. Firstly, the load distribution is modified and reassigned to match the regional electricity consumption. The generators and wind farms are then reallocated to different bus based on their bidding region and proximity to the bus. The databases are improved and the power balance relation modified. Transmission line parameters are then investigated, first to standard recommended values and then by solving an optimisation problem formulated to extract the parameters from the market data. Finally, the model is also tested with wind and solar generation modelled as a generator rather than as a negative load. / Beslutsproblem gällande drift och planering av kraftsystemet baseras ofta på storskaliga modeller och datamängder. Bristen på historiska data gällande effektflöden beror på säkerhetsrestriktioner vilket begränsar forskare till att enbart studera aggregerade nätverksmodeller. Det finns tillgängliga aggregerade data från den nordiska elmarknadsplatsen Nordpool och organisationen ENTSO-E som kan användas för att studera effektflöden mellan olika regioner, dock finns det inte direkta data för flöden inom regionerna. Det här projektet bygger på det nordiska 490-systemet, en tidigare byggd modell av det nordiska kraftsystemet. Huvudsyftet med detta arbete är att förbättra den existerande effektflödesmodellen av det nordiska kraftsystemet, för att i sin tur bli tillgänglig för multienergimodelleringar och simuleringsprogramvaran Spine. N490-modellen genererar en modell för det nordiska kraftsystemet som innehåller olika noder som presenterar ställverk med olika spänningsnivåer och modellen ger också aggregerade data för produktion, konsumtion och effektutbyte mellan de olika noderna från Nordpool. I detta projekt utvärderades olika möjliga förbättringar för modellen som syftar till att uppskatta nätverkets parametrar som kan minimera felen mellan beräkningar av flöde inom regionen och data från öppna datalagringskällor. Följande förbättringar gjordes: Först har lastens fördelning modifierats och ändrats för att matcha den regionala elkonsumtionen. Generatorer och vindkraftsparker allokerades till olika noder baserad på elhandelsområden och närhet till noderna. Databasen förbättrades för att erhålla en bättre effektbalans per område. Kraftledningarnas parametrar ändrades först till rekommenderade standardvärden, vilka sedan förbättrades genom att formulera ett optimeringsproblem för att extrahera parametrarna från markandsdata. Slutligen testades modellen genom att presentera vind- och sol-produktion som generatorer istället för som negativ förbrukning.