Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a perspectiva econômica e modelo de negócio da tecnologia de telecomunicação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Essa integração entre a tecnologia de telecomunicação e a rede de distribuição constitui um sistema conhecido como rede inteligente ou smart grid. Neste estudo são analisados os modelos de rede inteligentes mais significativos do mundo, os quais ainda se encontram em fase inicial. Na análise da implantação da rede inteligente em diversos países, observa-se a existência de diferentes motivações. Por exemplo, no caso norte-americano, trata-se dos esforços do setor de energia em garantir a confiabilidade no abastecimento. Na Europa, há um grande comprometimento com a redução de carbono e gases causadores do efeito estufa. No Brasil, busca-se uma estratégia para melhorar aspectos técnicos da distribuição, diminuir as perdas técnicas, eliminar ou reduzir o roubo de energia e ajustar a oferta de energia com o crescimento urbano e industrial, aprimorando a regulamentação sobre o setor. Além da ausência de padrões de telecomunicação, que se constitui em restrição para todos os projetos de smart grid, o Brasil apresenta grandes entraves para a implantação da rede inteligente, como as tarifas elevadas para os consumidores, as dificuldades para um despacho ótimo das unidades geradoras, o elevado volume de perdas no sistema elétrico, o baixo consumo de eletricidade em termos per capita, o elevado número de medidores a serem substituídos e as diferentes características das concessionárias. Com o objetivo de eliminar ou reduzir esses entraves, propõe-se neste estudo um modelo de negócio que determina, como mais significativos, os investimentos em tecnologia da comunicação e em medidores bidirecionais. O modelo proposto avalia uma série de benefícios, dentre os quais destacam-se a redução das perdas comerciais e a redução das ligações informais. Adicionalmente, o modelo pode colaborar na modernização da rede de distribuição e para o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto com menores investimentos em geração e transmissão e, portanto, com responsabilidade ambiental. / This thesis aims at evaluating the economic perspective and business model of the telecommunications technology in the electric power distribution system. The integration between the telecommunications systems and the distribution electric grid constitutes a new system known as intelligrid or \"smart grid\". The analysis of the most important smart grid models in the world, which are still in initial stage, shows that different countries have different motivations for the smart grid deployment. For example, the deployment motivations in USA are mostly related to efforts of the power sector to ensure reliability of the energy supply. In Europe there is a big commitment to reduce carbon and greenhouse gases. In Brazil a strategy is being sought to improve the electric power distribution grid, reduce technical losses, eliminate or reduce the theft of electricity, and match energy supply to urban and industrial growth, improving regulation of the power sector. In addition to the lack of telecommunications standards, which is a constraint for all smart grid projects, in Brazil there are high barriers to the smart grid deployment, such as high tariffs to consumers, difficulties for an optimal dispatch of generating units, a high volume of losses in the electrical system, a low per capita electricity consumption, a large number of meters to be replaced, and the different profiles of the electric power distribution companies. Aiming at eliminating or reducing such barriers, a business model framework is proposed, which determines investments in communications technology and in two-way meters as the most significant ones. The proposed model evaluates a number of benefits, among which the most important are the reduction of commercial losses and the reduction of informal connections to the mains. Additionally, the model can assist in upgrading the power distribution system and the growth of GDP with lower investments in generation and transmission, and, therefore, with environmental responsibility.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T11:42:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio José Fernandes Póvoa - 2018.pdf: 6079271 bytes, checksum: 5efa21665d3c5f3bf6b4a58652fff6b4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-04T13:23:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio José Fernandes Póvoa - 2018.pdf: 6079271 bytes, checksum: 5efa21665d3c5f3bf6b4a58652fff6b4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T13:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio José Fernandes Póvoa - 2018.pdf: 6079271 bytes, checksum: 5efa21665d3c5f3bf6b4a58652fff6b4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / This dissertation of master degree describes methods of optimizing routes and allocating towers of overhead power lines, with the objective of meeting technical, structural and constructive constraints, and reducing financial costs. The generated solutions are graphically presented through the transmission line profile and its 3-dimension representation upon the elevation map of the area. For the projects evaluation, elements of structural analysis are used, highlighting the Matrix Structural Analysis for the study of efforts and deformations in the towers and their components. Three methods are proposed, each one using different approaches. First, it will be shown an optimization algorithm based on Evolutionary Computation, characterized by the application of natural selection on individuals generated from mutations and genetic crossover. The second algorithm was inspired by the well-known Nelder-Mead optimization method. The triangular transformations addressed in the original method were adapted and physically implemented to transmission lines. The last optimization algorithm presented is a hybridization of the two previous methods. Finally, a performance comparison of the algorithms, in which each one of them will be applied to three different cases, will be carried out in order to validate them. / Esta dissertação de mestrado descreve métodos de otimização de trajetos e alocação de torres de linhas aéreas de transmissão de energia elétrica, com o objetivo de obedecer a restrições técnicas, estruturais e construtivas, e de reduzir custos financeiros. As soluções encontradas são apresentadas graficamente a partir da plotagem do perfil da linha de transmissão, e da sua representação em três dimensões sobre o mapa de relevo da região. Para a avaliação dos projetos, utilizam-se elementos de análise estrutural, destacando-se a Análise Estrutural Matricial para o estudo dos esforços e deformações nas torres e seus componentes. São propostos três métodos que utilizam abordagens diferentes. Primeiramente, será considerado um algoritmo de otimização baseado na Computação Evolucionária, caracterizando-se pela aplicação da seleção natural ao longo de gerações, em indivíduos gerados a partir de mutações e recombinações. O segundo algoritmo apresentado é inspirado no consagrado método de Nelder-Mead, sendo as transformações triangulares, por ele apresentadas, adaptadas e implementadas fisicamente a linhas de transmissão. O último método de otimização é uma hibridação dos dois métodos anteriores. Por fim, será feita uma comparação de desempenho dos algoritmos apresentados, a partir da aplicação de cada um deles a três estudos de caso distintos para validá-los.

Au cours de ces dernières années, le réseau électrique est devenu un candidat incontournable pour la transmission de données à haut débit à l’intérieur des bâtiments. De nombreuses solutions sont actuellement à l’étude afin d’optimiser ces technologies connues sous le nom Courants Porteurs en Ligne (CPL) ou PLC (Power-Line Communications). La technique MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) a été tout récemment transposée au réseau filaire électrique pour lequel différents modes d’alimentation peuvent être envisagés entre la phase, le neutre et la terre. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons deux contributions originales à l’étude des communications numériques sur le réseau électrique à l’intérieur des bâtiments. La première contribution concerne la modélisation du canal MIMO-PLC. En repartant d’un modèle du canal paramétrique SISO (Single-Input Single-Output) connu dans la littérature, nous proposons un modèle du canal MIMO en considérant un nouveau paramètre caractérisant la corrélation spatiale. Le modèle proposé permet de représenter fidèlement la corrélation spatiale des mesures effectuées à l’échelle européenne. La deuxième contribution concerne le bruit impulsif présent sur le réseau électrique domestique qui constitue un problème majeur dans les systèmes de communications. Nous proposons une méthode basée sur la notion de capacité de coupure afin d’optimiser le débit moyen dans les systèmes OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) soumis aux bruits impulsifs. D’abord, nous étudions la capacité du système en fonction d’une marge de bruit fournie aux symboles transmis. Ensuite, nous déterminons l’expression analytique de la probabilité de coupure (outage) d’un symbole OFDM en fonction de cette marge, en étudiant de manière détaillée l’interaction entre l’impulsion de bruit et le symbole. A partir de ces deux calculs, nous déduisons la capacité de coupure. Puis, nous proposons une approche qui maximise l’espérance mathématique du débit reçu. Finalement, nous présentons les résultats obtenus dans le cas particulier d’une transmission à haut débit sur PLC en présence de bruits impulsifs. / In recent years, the electrical network has become an essential candidate for high-speed data transmission inside buildings. Many solutions are currently underway in order to optimize these technologies known under the name of in-home Power-Line Communications (PLC). Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technique has recently been transposed into power-line networks for which different signal feeding possibilities can be considered between phase, neutral and earth wires. In this thesis, we propose two original contributions to indoor broadband PLC. The first contribution concerns the MIMO-PLC channel modeling. Based on a Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) parametric channel model presented in the literature, we propose a MIMO one by considering a new parameter which characterizes the spatial correlation. The proposed model enables an accurate description of the spatial correlation of European MIMO PLC field measurements. The second contribution is related to the impulsive noise present in power-line networks which constitutes a major problem in communications systems. We propose an outage capacity approach in order to optimize the average data rate in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems affected by impulsive noise. First, we study the channel capacity as a function of a noise margin provided to the transmitted symbols. Then we determine the analytical expression of the outage probability of an OFDM symbol in terms of the noise margin, by studying in detail the interaction between the noise impulse and the symbol. Based on the two aforementioned relations, we deduce the outage capacity. Then we propose an approach that enables to maximize the average system data rate. Finally, we present the results in the particular case of indoor broadband PLC in the presence of impulsive noise.

The low-voltage power distribution network is considered today as a serious candidate to provide residential customers with a high-speed access to communication services such as Internet. Outdoor Power-Line Communications (PLC) systems represent an alternative to the other classical 'last-mile solutions' such as ADSL, cable modems, or wireless access systems. We developed an accurate powerline channel simulation tool based on the Multiconductor Transmission Line theory. This tool is able to predict the end-to-end channel responses on the basis of the multiconductor cable structure and the network topology. Then the issue of optimal resource allocation in a multiuser environment was addressed in the light of the Multiuser Information Theory. Simultaneously active users are in competition for the limited resources that are the power (constrained by electro-magnetic compatibility restrictions) and the bandwidth (in the range of 1 to 10 MHz for outdoor PLC). The concept of multiuser balanced capacity was introduced to characterize the optimal resource allocation providing the maximum data rates with fairness constraints among the subscribers. The optimal PLC system was shown to require the shaping of the signal spectrum in the transmitters, and successive decoding in the receiver. A generic multiple access scheme based on Filter Banks (FB) was proposed, which offers the required spectral shaping with limited degrees of freedom. Classical multiple-access techniques (TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA) can be obtained by selecting the appropriate FB. The Minimum-Mean-Square-Error Decision-Feedback Joint Detector was shown to approach the performance of the optimal successive decoding receiver. Finally, the robustness of the proposed system against channel estimation and timing synchronization errors was addressed. The problem of multiuser timing synchronization was introduced, and practical multiuser timing error detectors were proposed.

In this thesis, the conventional low voltage power line communication methods is investigated in the axis of automated meter reading applications and the classification and experimental verification of common noise types for low voltage power line communication network. The investigated system provides the real time transmission of electricity consumption data recorded by electricity meters, initially to a local computer via a low voltage line through a low speed PLC (Power Line Carrier) environment and subsequently to a corporate network through a high speed data transmission medium. The automated meter system provides a more effective tracking and data acquisition, a more detailed and vigorous knowledge about consumer behavior for subscriber assessment in electricity distribution in association with a brand new management and system supervision concept in electricity distribution control and management technology. The theoretical studies are experimentally verified for the Turkish low voltage power infrastructure through laboratory experiments performed in METU Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Electrical Machines and Drives Laboratory and R&amp / D Laboratories of MAKEL facilities in Hadimk&ouml / y. The single phase voltage of the mains line between the phase and neutral is monitored to exhibit the disturbing effects of various noise sources. The resulting voltage spectrum is logged by using digital data acquisition devices in time and frequency domain. The waveforms are converted to frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) functions of the MATLAB. The experimental results are compared to the theoretical findings obtained through literature survey.

Η BPL τεχνολογία είναι μια υποσχόμενη τεχνολογία η οποία προσφέρει τηλεπικοινωνιακές υπηρεσίες μέσω των γραμμών ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και η οποία τα τελευταία χρόνια γνωρίζει ραγδαία ανάπτυξη. Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση της BPL τεχνολογίας και η υλοποίηση της με τρεις διαφορετικούς τρόπους σε συγκεκριμένο ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια γενική αναφορά στην BPL τεχνολογία. Παρουσιάζονται τα επίπεδα του δικτύου ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας τα οποία συμμετέχουν σε ένα BPL δίκτυο, τα διάφορα δίκτυα πρόσβασης, οι αρχιτεκτονικές και ο εξοπλισμός τους, καθώς και διάφορα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει η συγκεκριμένη τεχνολογία. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται τα επίπεδα του BPL δικτύου. Αναλύονται οι διάφορες τεχνικές διαμόρφωσης όπως η OFDM (ορθογώνια μέθοδος διαμόρφωσης με διαίρεση συχνότητας) και η διαμόρφωση απλωμένου φάσματος. Επίσης γίνεται αναφορά στη διαχείρηση σφαλμάτων, στο BPL MAC στρώμα καθώς και στα πρωτόκολλα 802.11. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται οι διάφορες τηλεπικοινωνιακές υπηρεσίες που προσφέρονται από την BPL τεχνολογία καθώς και οι εφαρμογές του έξυπνου δικτύου (Smart Grid) και του έξυπνου σπιτιού (Smart Home) που υλοποιούνται με τη συγκεκριμένη τεχνολογία. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στην τεχνολογία των οπτικών ινών και στο τρόπο με τον οποίο η τεχνολογία αυτή θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ως δίκτυο κορμού το οποίο θα φτάνει μέχρι και τους μετασχηματιστές μέσης/χαμηλής τάσης. Επίσης παρουσιάζεται και η PON-BPL τεχνολογία. Στο πέμπτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται η σχεδίαση του BPL δικτύου πρόσβασης με τρεις διαφορετικές αρχιτεκτονικές σε περιοχή της Λακωνίας της οποίας το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο ψηφιοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση ενός προγράμματος GIS (Γεωγραφικά Συστήματα Πληροφοριών) και συγκεκριμένα του Mapinfo. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται σύγκριση των αρχιτεκτονικών ως προς το κόστος και την ταχύτητα. / BPL technology is a promising technology that offers telecommunications services through power lines, which in the recent years is facing a rapid development. The object of this specific project is the presentation of BPL technology and its realization in three different ways on a specific power grid. In the first chapter there is a general reference to BPL technology. Also it includes a presentation of the levels of the power grid which participate in a specific BPL network. Furthermore there is a presentation of the various access network, their architectures, equipment and various problems faced by this technology. The second chapter contains the description of the levels of BPL network. Also various modulation techniques like OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and spread-spectrum configuration are analyzed. Finally there is a reference to the management of errors, BPL MAC layer and to the protocols 802.11 as well. In the third chapter there is a reference about the various telecommunication services which are provided via BPL technology as well a reference for the implementations of the Smart Grid and Smart House which are realized with the specific technology. At chapter four a brief reference is conducted about the optical fiber technology and about the manner in which this technology will be used as a backbone which reaches up the medium/low voltage transformers. Also PON-BPL technology is presented. Finally in the fifth and last chapter takes place the design of BPL access network with three different architectures in an area of Laconia whose power grid digitized by using a GIS program (Geographic Information Systems), namely the Mapinfo. Eventually there is a comparison between architectures as concern the cost and the speed of realization needed.

Thesis (MEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for power line inspection requires the definition of safe-fly zones. Transient Over-Voltages (TOVs) on the Overhead Transmission Lines (OHTLs) put the UAV at risk if it encroaches on these zones. In order to determine the safe-fly zones of a UAV in the vicinity of OHTLs, realistic full-scale experimental tests are done. Non-linearity in breakdown effects renders small-scale testing and computational work inaccurate. Experimental work is used to describe the close-up approach distances for worst-case scenarios. Testing cannot provide a full solution due to the limitation of the equipment available. Further tests must therefore be done at a specialised facility. Experiments are run in two phases, namely non-linear and linear tests in the High Voltage (HV) laboratory. The non-linear tests are done to derive Minimum Approach Distances (MAD). The linear experiments are used to calibrate FEKO, the simulation tool, to the measurement environment. Once correlation between the linear test data and the simulated data is found, confidence is derived in both the simulation model and the test setup. The simulations can then be used to determine a geometric factor as an input into F. Rizk’s prediction equations. The Rizk equations are used to describe the safe-fly zones alongside OHTLs as an addition to the non-linear experimental work. Along with the standard’s suggestions, the Rizk predictions are formulated in such a way that line-specific solutions can be determined. The suggested clearance values are provided in terms of per unit values, which can be selected in accordance with historical line data. Power line sparking is investigated to better understand the line radiation phenomenon. This understanding could assist in the line inspection process, as well as in the layout of power lines near radio quiet areas. Knowledge of OHTL radiation patterns can aid in the location of corona and sparking sources in the inspection process. Aerial sparking measurements are taken using a UAV carrying a spectrum analyser. Measured sparking levels are used to verify a Computational Electromagnetic (CEM) model. The CEM model can then be used to further investigate OHTL radiation characteristics. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aanwending van Onbemande Vliegtuie (UAVs) vir kraglyn inspeksies, vereis die definiëring van veilige vlieg sones. Oorspannings (TOVs) op oorhoofse kraglyne (OHTLs) kan hierdie vliegtuie in gevaar stel as hulle die grense van hierdie sones oorskry. Om die veilige vlieg sones van 'n UAV in die omgewing van OHTLs te bepaal, is realistiese volskaalse toetse gedoen. Die nie-lineariteit in afbreek effekte lewer onakkurate kleinskaal toetse en rekenaar werk. Eksperimentele werk word gebruik om die benaderde afstande vir die ergste geval te beskryf. Hierdie werk kan nie 'n volledige oplossing gee nie as gevolg van ‘n beperking op huidige toerusting. Dit beteken dat verdere toetse, by ‘n meer gespesialiseerde fasiliteit, gedoen moet word. Eksperimente is uitgevoer in twee fases: nie-lineêre en lineêre toetse in die Hoogspannings (HV) laboratorium. Die nie-lineêre toetse word gedoen om die kleinste-benaderde-afstand (MAD) af te lei en die lineêre eksperimente word gebruik om FEKO (‘n numeriese elektromagnetika simulasie program) met die metings omgewing te kalibreer. Sodra daar ‘n korrelasie tussen die lineêre data en die gesimuleerde data is, kan daar aangeneem word dat die simulasie model en die toets-opstelling betroubaar is. Die simulasies kan dan gebruik word om 'n meetkundige faktor te bepaal as 'n bydrae tot F. Rizk se voorspellings vergelykings. Die Rizk vergelykings word gebruik om die veilige vlieg sones langs die OHTLs te beskryf. Dit kan dus gebruik word as ‘n toevoeging tot die nie-lineêre eksperimentele werk. Saam met die normale meet standaard voorstellings, is die Rizk voorspellings geformuleer sodat dit die lyn spesifieke oplossings kan bepaal. Die voorgestelde verklarings waardes word in per eenheid waardes beskryf, wat dan gekies kan word met ooreenstemmende historiese lyn data. Kraglyn-vonke word ondersoek om die lyn-bestraling verskynsel beter te verstaan. Hierdie begrip kan in die lyn inspeksie proses en in die uitleg van kraglyne naby radiostilte-areas help. Kennis van OHTL bestralings patrone kan help met die identifisering van corona en vonk-bronne tydens die inspeksie proses. 'n UAV met 'n aangehegte spektrum analiseerder is gebruik om die lug-vonkende metings te neem. Vonk vlakke wat gemeet is word dan gebruik om 'n Numeriese Elektromagnetiese (CEM) model te bevestig. Die CEM model kan dan gebruik word om OHTL bestralings eienskappe verder te ondersoek.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a perspectiva econômica e modelo de negócio da tecnologia de telecomunicação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Essa integração entre a tecnologia de telecomunicação e a rede de distribuição constitui um sistema conhecido como rede inteligente ou smart grid. Neste estudo são analisados os modelos de rede inteligentes mais significativos do mundo, os quais ainda se encontram em fase inicial. Na análise da implantação da rede inteligente em diversos países, observa-se a existência de diferentes motivações. Por exemplo, no caso norte-americano, trata-se dos esforços do setor de energia em garantir a confiabilidade no abastecimento. Na Europa, há um grande comprometimento com a redução de carbono e gases causadores do efeito estufa. No Brasil, busca-se uma estratégia para melhorar aspectos técnicos da distribuição, diminuir as perdas técnicas, eliminar ou reduzir o roubo de energia e ajustar a oferta de energia com o crescimento urbano e industrial, aprimorando a regulamentação sobre o setor. Além da ausência de padrões de telecomunicação, que se constitui em restrição para todos os projetos de smart grid, o Brasil apresenta grandes entraves para a implantação da rede inteligente, como as tarifas elevadas para os consumidores, as dificuldades para um despacho ótimo das unidades geradoras, o elevado volume de perdas no sistema elétrico, o baixo consumo de eletricidade em termos per capita, o elevado número de medidores a serem substituídos e as diferentes características das concessionárias. Com o objetivo de eliminar ou reduzir esses entraves, propõe-se neste estudo um modelo de negócio que determina, como mais significativos, os investimentos em tecnologia da comunicação e em medidores bidirecionais. O modelo proposto avalia uma série de benefícios, dentre os quais destacam-se a redução das perdas comerciais e a redução das ligações informais. Adicionalmente, o modelo pode colaborar na modernização da rede de distribuição e para o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto com menores investimentos em geração e transmissão e, portanto, com responsabilidade ambiental. / This thesis aims at evaluating the economic perspective and business model of the telecommunications technology in the electric power distribution system. The integration between the telecommunications systems and the distribution electric grid constitutes a new system known as intelligrid or \"smart grid\". The analysis of the most important smart grid models in the world, which are still in initial stage, shows that different countries have different motivations for the smart grid deployment. For example, the deployment motivations in USA are mostly related to efforts of the power sector to ensure reliability of the energy supply. In Europe there is a big commitment to reduce carbon and greenhouse gases. In Brazil a strategy is being sought to improve the electric power distribution grid, reduce technical losses, eliminate or reduce the theft of electricity, and match energy supply to urban and industrial growth, improving regulation of the power sector. In addition to the lack of telecommunications standards, which is a constraint for all smart grid projects, in Brazil there are high barriers to the smart grid deployment, such as high tariffs to consumers, difficulties for an optimal dispatch of generating units, a high volume of losses in the electrical system, a low per capita electricity consumption, a large number of meters to be replaced, and the different profiles of the electric power distribution companies. Aiming at eliminating or reducing such barriers, a business model framework is proposed, which determines investments in communications technology and in two-way meters as the most significant ones. The proposed model evaluates a number of benefits, among which the most important are the reduction of commercial losses and the reduction of informal connections to the mains. Additionally, the model can assist in upgrading the power distribution system and the growth of GDP with lower investments in generation and transmission, and, therefore, with environmental responsibility.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-26T15:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Consertar sobrenome orientador on 2016-03-03T14:07:28Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T14:41:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:46:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / Essa tese de doutorado apresenta, inicialmente, uma metodologia a ser empregada para a caracterização de redes de energia elétrica para fins de comunicação de dados. Esta metodologia engloba todos os procedimentos e ferramentas de processamento de sinais necessárias para a estimação de características importantes para a avaliação de canais de comunicação de dados. Em seguida, são apresentados resultados da aplicação de tal metodologia em dados provenientes de uma campanha de medição realizada em ambientes internos em residências brasileiras. Algumas características importantes desses canais, tais como ganho médio, banda de coerência, tempo de coerência, o valor quadrático médio do espalhamento de atraso, capacidade do canal e densidade espectral de potência do ruído, são analizadas considerando três bandas de frequência: de 1,7 até 30 MHz, de 1,7 até 50 MHz e de 1,7 até 100 MHz. Comparando os resultados de canais power line communication (PLC) em ambientes residenciais brasileiros com aqueles medidos em outros países, tais como Espanha, Estados Unidos, França e Itália, podemos notar que canais PLC brasileiros apresentam, em geral, menores atenuações, são menos seletivos em frequência e possuem menores espalhamentos de atraso. Por fim, um novo meio de comunicação baseada nas tecnologias PLC e sem fio é apresentada e definida como híbrido PLC-sem fio o qual permite a comunicação física e à distância com a rede de energia elétrica para fins de comunicação de dados. Tal canal de comunicação é avaliado em residências brasileiras e importantes características são extraídas e discutidas. Embora o canal híbrido PLC-sem fio tenha se mostrado mais adverso que o canal PLC para a comunicação de dados, a introdução da mobilidade, de uma forma que é impossível de se obter em sistemas puramente PLC, constitui sua principal vantagem. Essa mobilidade é um importante atrativo que coloca sistemas híbridos em uma posição privilegiada dentre os candidatos para compor a infraestrutura de telecomunicações em redes inteligentes (smart grids), ou para ser usada como uma ferramenta para promover a inclusão digital da população carente de países pobres ou em desenvolvimento. / This work outlines initially a methodology to be applied to the characterization of electric power grids for data communication purposes. This methodology englobes all the procedures and required signal processing tools for a reliable estimation of features that allow the suitability of a media for data communication. Next, PLC (power line communication) channel results provided by the use of such methodology in a data set obtained from a measurement campaing in in-home Brazilian places are presented. The analyzed channel features are the average channel gain, the coherence bandwidth, the coherence time, the root mean squared delay spread, the channel capacity and the noise power spectral density by considering the following frequency bands: from 1.7 up to 30 MHz, from 1.7 up to 50 MHz and from 1.7 up to 100 MHz. Comparisons among the results for in-home Brazilian PLC channels with other provided for other countries such as Spain, United States, France and Italy showed that, in general, in-home Brazilian PLC channels present smaller attenuation, are less frequency selective and showed smaller delay spread than these countries. Finally, a new medium to provide data communication is presented and defined as hybrid PLC-wireless, in which PLC and wireless technologies are combined. Such novel communication channel is characterized in in-home Brazilian places and important channel features are estimated and discussed. Though the hybrid PLC-wireless channel has been shown more adverse than the PLC channel, the introduction of mobility is its main advantage, something that is impossible in traditional PLC technologies. Thus, this mobility is an important issue that puts hybrid PLC-wireless technologies in a privileged position among the candidates to form the communication infrastructure for smart grids, or to be used as a too to solve the digital divide problem that is more accentuated in poor and in developing countries.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermeribeirocolen.pdf: 4525385 bytes, checksum: e90d041d33c901d139d8476b96e02078 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese concentra-se na redução da complexidade computacional e na necessidade de largura de banda associada com a utilização de técnicas de alocação de recursos em sistemas de comuniação via rede elétrica (power line communication – PLC) com base no esquema de multiplexação por divisão ortogonal na frequência (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing – OFDM). Neste contexto, é introduzida a técnica sub-ótima chamada de temporal compressive resource allocation (TCRA). Esta técnica é capaz de explorar a relação existente entre microslots (exploração no domínio do tempo) para reduzir o número de vezes por segundo que alocação de recursos é executada. Além disso, é proposto um novo parâmetro, denominado de banda de coerência da relação sinal ruído normalizada (normalized signal to noise ratio – nSNR) para informar precisamente a planicidade da nSNR. A eficácia deste parâmetro é comparada com a banda de coerência. Diante disto, sua modelagem estatística para ambientes in-home, outdoor de baixa tensão e PLC-wireless é apresentada considerando distribuições de componentes individuais e misturas de Gaussianas. Com base na definição da banda de coerência da nSNR, é descrita a técnica sub-ótima denominada spectral compressive resource allocation (SCRA). Ela explora a relação existente entre os sub-canais adjacentes (exploração no domínio da frequência) para reduzir a dimensão do vector de nSNR, que é a principal informação de entrada para a técnicas de alocação de recursos. Com base no fato de que a geometria de tiles associadas com a transformada de Fourier discreta limita os ganhos associados com o uso da técnica SCRA em conjunto com o esquema OFDM, é introduzido pela primeira vez o esquema chamado multiplexação por divisão ortogonal no tempo-frequência (orthogonal time-frequency division multiplexing – OTFDM). Este esquema se baseia na transformada ortogonal de Stockwell discreta para oferecer diferentes geometrias de tiles e funciona tanto para comunicação de dados em banda de base quanto em banda passante. Os resultados numéricos baseados em canais PLC medidos e no uso de protótipo de transceptores PLC mostram que as técnicas TCRA e SCRA podem trocar redução de complexidade computacional por perda de taxa de transmissão e que economia de complexidade computacional relevante pode ser realizada com baixas perdas na taxa de transmissão. Ademais, os resultados numéricos mostram que o esquema OTFDM pode ser superado pelo esquema de OFDM se a informação de estado de canal não está disponível no lado do transmissor. No entanto, a disponibilidade de tais informações no lado do transmissor permite a utilização do esquema OTFDM em conjunto com a técnica SCRA atingir uma melhoria notável em comparação com o esquema OFDM trabalhando com a técnica SCRA. / This dissertation focuses on the computational complexity reduction and on the need for network bandwidth associated with the use of resource allocation techniques in power line communication (PLC) system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. In this context, the so-called temporal compressive resource allocation (TCRA) technique, which is a sub-optimal technique, is introduced. The TCRA is capable of exploiting the existing relationship among microslots (time domain exploitation) to reduce the number of times per second the resource allocation technique is executed. Also, a noval parameter, called nSNR coherence bandwidth, that precisely informs the flatness of the normalized signal to noise ratio (nSNR) is proposed. The effectiveness of this parameter is compared to the coherence bandwidth. Also, its statistical modeling for in-home, outdoor and low-voltage, and hybrid PLC-wireless channels with single-component and Gaussian mixture distributions is presented. Based on the nSNR coherence bandwidth definition, the spectral compressive resource allocation (SCRA) technique, which is a suboptimal technique, is outlined. The SCRA technique exploits the existing relationship among adjacent subchannels (frequency domain exploitation) to reduce the dimensionality of the nSNR vector, which is the main feeding information for the resource allocation technique. Based on the fact that the geometry of the tiles associated with the discrete Fourier transform limits the gains associated with the use of the SCRA together with the OFDM scheme, the so-called orthogonal time-frequency division multiplexing (OTFDM) scheme is, for the first time, introduced. The OTDFM scheme, which is based on the discrete orthogonal Stockwell transform, offers different tile geometries and works in both baseband and passband data communications. Numerical results based on measured PLC channels and the use of prototype of PLC transceivers show that TCRA and SCRA techniques can trade computational complexity reduction with data rate loss and relevant computational complexity savings may be accomplished with low data rate losses. Moreover, the numerical results show that the OTFDM scheme may be outperformed by the OFDM scheme if channel state information is not available at the transmitter side; however, the availability of such information at the transmitter side allow the use of the OTFDM scheme together with the SCRAs achieve remarkable improvement in comparison with OFDM scheme working with the SCRA technique.