Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) modeling has been a common research area to date. This thesis work proposes a new field-data based EAF-specific model. The data used in developing the proposed model is obtained from field measurements of instantaneous voltages and currents of EAF the plants. This model presents the dynamic behavior of the EAF system including all its parts, which are the EAF transformer, the secondary circuit, the electrodes moving and the arc itself. It consists of a cascade connected variable-resistance and &ndash / inductance combination to represent the variation in time of the fundamental frequency, and a current source in parallel with it to inject the harmonics and interharmonics content of the EAF current. The proposed model is capable of representing both AC and DC EAFs, whose controllers&rsquo / set points are the impedance values seen from the low voltage (LV) side of the EAF transformer. The validity of the proposed model has been verified by comparing EMTDC/PSCAD simulations of the model with the field measurements. The results obtained have shown quite satisfactory correlation between the behavior of the proposed model and v the actual EAF operation. To show the advantages of the model while developing FACTS solutions for power quality (PQ) problem mitigation of a given busbar supplying single- or multi-EAF installations, various applications are presented.

In this research work, two new flickermeters are proposed to estimate the light flicker caused by electric arc furnaces (EAFs) where the system frequency deviates significantly. In these methods, analytical expressions of the instantaneous light flicker sensation are obtained beginning from a voltage waveform and these expressions are used to obtain a flicker estimation method based on the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) flickermeter. First method is a spectral decomposition based approach using DFT to estimate the light flicker. The leakage effect of the DFT algorithm due to fundamental frequency variation is reduced by employing spectral amplitude correction procedure around the fundamental frequency. Second method is a Kalman filter based approach, in which the frequency domain components of the voltage waveform are obtained by Kalman filtering. Then these components are used to obtain the light flicker. Since the frequency decomposition is obtained by Kalman filtering, no leakage effect of the DFT is involved in case of frequency deviations which is an important advantage. Both methods are tested on both simulated data and field data obtained from three different EAF plants where the flicker level and frequency variation is considerably high. The comparison with the digital realization of the IEC flickermeter shows that the methods are successful in estimating light flicker with low computational complexity. The methods are especially useful for conditions such as disturbances and subsequent system transients where the system frequency deviates significantly, since the methods avoid the need for online sampling rate adjustment to prevent the DFT leakage effect.

Voltage fluctuations under 30 Hz in the electricity grid, leads to oscillations in the light intensity that can be perceived by human eye, which is called flicker. In this thesis, the sources of the flicker at a point of common coupling is investigated. When there are more than one flicker sources connected to a PCC, individual effects of each flicker source is determined by using a new method which depends on the reactive current components of the sources. This method is mainly based on the flickermeter design defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), but uses the current variations in addition to the voltage variations to compute flicker. The proposed method is applied to several different types of loads supplied from a PCC and their flicker contributions on the busbar are investigated. Experiments are performed on field data obtained by the power quality analyzers (PQ+) developed by the National Power Quality Project and the method has been found to provide accurate results for flicker contributions of various loads. The PQ+ analyzers with the proposed flicker contribution detection algorithm are called Flicker Contribution Meters (FCM) and they will be installed at the points of the Turkish Electricity Transmission Network when required.

Nesta pesquisa, apresentam-se os principais eventos relacionados com a proteção de transformadores e sua correlação com os distúrbios de qualidade da energia elétrica (QEE). Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo que utiliza a transformada Wavelet (TW) e a lógica Fuzzy (LF) para classificar os eventos transitórios associados à proteção de transformadores. Estes eventos foram observados em um sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) simulado com a utilização do software Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Importa ressaltar que o sistema modelado apresenta transformadores ligados em paralelo, possibilitando o estudo de eventos decorrentes desta situação, como a energização solidária (Sympathetic Inrush). Por este SEP, modelado sobre parâmetros reais, foram simuladas várias situações transitórias, que provocam o aparecimento de correntes diferenciais, sendo estas direcionadas para análise do algoritmo desenvolvido. Afirma-se que, nos testes realizados, o algoritmo proposto apresentou um desempenho satisfatório perante as mais variadas situações a que foi submetido, identificando as causas das correntes diferenciais, sejam proporcionadas por defeitos ou por outras condições de operação aplicadas. / In this research, the main events related to the transformer protection and its correlation with the power quality disturbances (PQ) are presented. In this context, an algorithm based on Wavelet transform (WT) and Fuzzy logic (FL) was developed to classify the transient events associated with the transformer protection. These events were observed in an electrical power system (EPS) simulated using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software. It should be emphasized that the modeled system presents transformers connected in parallel, allowing the study of events of this situation, such as sympathetic inrush. For the simulated EPS, modeled based on real parameters, various transients situationswere simulated, causing the appearance of differentials currents which were directed to the analysis. The proposed algorithm showed a satisfactory performance tomany situations, identifying the causes of the differentials currents, either provided by faults or other operation conditions.

Nesta pesquisa, apresentam-se os principais eventos relacionados com a proteção de transformadores e sua correlação com os distúrbios de qualidade da energia elétrica (QEE). Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo que utiliza a transformada Wavelet (TW) e a lógica Fuzzy (LF) para classificar os eventos transitórios associados à proteção de transformadores. Estes eventos foram observados em um sistema elétrico de potência (SEP) simulado com a utilização do software Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Importa ressaltar que o sistema modelado apresenta transformadores ligados em paralelo, possibilitando o estudo de eventos decorrentes desta situação, como a energização solidária (Sympathetic Inrush). Por este SEP, modelado sobre parâmetros reais, foram simuladas várias situações transitórias, que provocam o aparecimento de correntes diferenciais, sendo estas direcionadas para análise do algoritmo desenvolvido. Afirma-se que, nos testes realizados, o algoritmo proposto apresentou um desempenho satisfatório perante as mais variadas situações a que foi submetido, identificando as causas das correntes diferenciais, sejam proporcionadas por defeitos ou por outras condições de operação aplicadas. / In this research, the main events related to the transformer protection and its correlation with the power quality disturbances (PQ) are presented. In this context, an algorithm based on Wavelet transform (WT) and Fuzzy logic (FL) was developed to classify the transient events associated with the transformer protection. These events were observed in an electrical power system (EPS) simulated using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software. It should be emphasized that the modeled system presents transformers connected in parallel, allowing the study of events of this situation, such as sympathetic inrush. For the simulated EPS, modeled based on real parameters, various transients situationswere simulated, causing the appearance of differentials currents which were directed to the analysis. The proposed algorithm showed a satisfactory performance tomany situations, identifying the causes of the differentials currents, either provided by faults or other operation conditions.