MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015 / Demand side management (DSM) initiatives have been introduced by Eskom to reduce the deficit between the electricity generation capacity and the electricity usage within the country. DSM projects enable Eskom to reduce electricity demand instead of increasing generation capacity. DSM projects are more economical and can be implemented much faster than constructing a new power station. One particular industry where DSM projects can be implemented is on mines. Mines consume about 14.5% of South Africa’s electricity. Producing compressed air, in particular, is one of the largest electricity users on mines. It consumes 17% of the electricity used on mines. The opportunity, therefore, arises to implement DSM projects on the compressed air system of mines. Not only do these projects reduce Eskom’s high electricity demand, but they also induce financial and energy savings for the mine itself. However, during the implementation of a compressed air energy savings project, various challenges arise. These include, among others, operational changes, control limitations, industrial actions and installation delays. All of these can lead to a project not being delivered on time, within budget or with quality results. The purpose of this study is to investigate and address various problems that occur during the implementation of such a compressed air energy savings project. The study shows that although these problems have an impact on the results achievable with the project, significant savings are still possible. Project savings are achieved by reducing the amount of compressed air that is supplied, thereby delivering sufficient compressed air while minimising the amount of compressed air being wasted. During this study, a gold mine’s compressed air network was optimised. The optimisation resulted in an evening peak-clip saving of 2.61 MW. This saving was achieved daily between 18:00 and 20:00 when Eskom’s electricity demand was at its highest. It is equivalent to an annual cost saving of R1.46 million based on Eskom’s 2014/2015 tariffs. When savings from all periods throughout the day are taken into account, the project will produce an annual cost saving of R1.91 million.

MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015 / Demand side management (DSM) initiatives have been introduced by Eskom to reduce the deficit between the electricity generation capacity and the electricity usage within the country. DSM projects enable Eskom to reduce electricity demand instead of increasing generation capacity. DSM projects are more economical and can be implemented much faster than constructing a new power station. One particular industry where DSM projects can be implemented is on mines. Mines consume about 14.5% of South Africa’s electricity. Producing compressed air, in particular, is one of the largest electricity users on mines. It consumes 17% of the electricity used on mines. The opportunity, therefore, arises to implement DSM projects on the compressed air system of mines. Not only do these projects reduce Eskom’s high electricity demand, but they also induce financial and energy savings for the mine itself. However, during the implementation of a compressed air energy savings project, various challenges arise. These include, among others, operational changes, control limitations, industrial actions and installation delays. All of these can lead to a project not being delivered on time, within budget or with quality results. The purpose of this study is to investigate and address various problems that occur during the implementation of such a compressed air energy savings project. The study shows that although these problems have an impact on the results achievable with the project, significant savings are still possible. Project savings are achieved by reducing the amount of compressed air that is supplied, thereby delivering sufficient compressed air while minimising the amount of compressed air being wasted. During this study, a gold mine’s compressed air network was optimised. The optimisation resulted in an evening peak-clip saving of 2.61 MW. This saving was achieved daily between 18:00 and 20:00 when Eskom’s electricity demand was at its highest. It is equivalent to an annual cost saving of R1.46 million based on Eskom’s 2014/2015 tariffs. When savings from all periods throughout the day are taken into account, the project will produce an annual cost saving of R1.91 million.

Background: Cervical cancer may be fatal to women if not identified and treated early. In Iraq, cervical cancer ranks as the 10th most frequent cancer among women between 15-44 years of age, with about 291 new cervical cancer cases diagnosed annually. Cervical cancer can be prevented in two ways: primary prevention aimed at preventing HPV infection through prophylactic HPV vaccinations; and secondary prevention aimed at preventing precancerous lesions from progressing into invasive lesions through screening. Cervical cancer screening is under researched in Iraq. It is clear that Iraq’s years of isolation and disorder has resulted in a loss of research capacity. Aim: To provide evidence–based strategies to establish population based cervical cancer screening services in Iraq. Methods: A mixed methods sequential exploratory design was used; an iterative mixed method approach which included the triangulation of qualitative, quantitative and systematic review methods. Results of all phases were used to develop an emergent theory around the barriers for establishing cervical screening programme and to provide evidence to enhance cervical cancer screening services to be established in Iraq. Findings: The findings from the systematic review indicated significant health inequalities for Arab Muslim women, in that no population-based cervical cancer screening programmes have been implemented in most of Western Asian and Middle Eastern Arab countries. Findings from the qualitative phase revealed gap in theoretical and practical knowledge among the health care professionals regarding cervical cancer screening programmes with a lack of the capacity and infrastructure to establish population based cervical screening programme in Kirkuk, Iraq. Also, results suggest that the health behaviour of women living in Kirkuk is influenced by cultural ‘stigma’ around the word ‘cancer’, in addition to women’s lack of awareness in relation to smear test and cervical screening. Conclusion: Women in Iraq are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced, rather than early stage of cervical cancer. These women should be targeted by cervical cancer screening and health education programmes. Policy makers need to improve the cervical screening infrastructure and make the cervical screening service more accessible to women. The current opportunistic cervical screening services are insufficient; there is an urgent need to developing cervical cancer intervention programmes.