Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Rainwater harvesting (RWH) for non-potable use in buildings are a widespread practice around the world. The reservation is the item with the greatest variability in the RWH system design. The reservoir volume must be optimized in a way that it is not too large and costly, and not too small and insufficient to meet the demands. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the project variables (faults in the rainfall series, catchment-demand conditions, initial reserve situation, discharge volumes, different demand series, changes in precipitation series) in the volume and performance of RWH tanks. For this, different catchment areas (100, 200 and 300 m²) were considered, located in five cities of Brazil - Porto Alegre, RS; Sao Paulo-SP; Goiânia, GO; João Pessoa, PB and Manaus, AM, thus contemplating different pluviometry regimes. For this purpose, the volume balance methodology was used, evaluating results for different commercial tanks volumes (1,000 L, 1,500 L, 2,000 L, 3,000 L and 5,000 L). Regarding the initial simulation criteria (catchment-demand conditions, initial reservation situation, discard volumes), the first discard runoff generated the most representative changes in the failure to meet the demand (8%). In relation to the different demand series, an increase of 40% in demand volume caused a 2.5-fold increase in the storage volume in regions with low rainfall seasonal variability and up to 5 times the size of the reservoir in the regions with well-defined seasonality. With regard to the different rearrangements of the series of precipitations, the inter-annual and intra-annual variations did not cause major changes in the failure of demand supply. Thus, based on the results found, it is recommended to consider the influence of the extension and the temporal discretization of the precipitations series in the rainwater reservoir design. / O aproveitamento da água da chuva (AAC) para consumo não potável nas edificações é uma prática muito difundida em todo o mundo. A reservação é um dos itens de maior variabilidade no dimensionamento do sistema de AAC. O volume do reservatório deve ser otimizado, de forma a não ser excessivamente grande e oneroso, e tampouco pequeno e insuficiente no cumprimento ao atendimento às demandas. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência das variáveis de projeto (falhas na série de precipitações, condições captação-demanda, situação inicial de reservação, volumes de descarte, diferentes séries de demandas e diferentes alterações nas séries de precipitações) no volume e desempenho de reservatórios de aproveitamento de água da chuva (RAAC). Para isso, foram consideradas diferentes áreas de captação (100, 200 e 300 m²), localizado em cinco cidades do Brasil - Porto Alegre, RS; São Paulo, SP; Goiânia, GO; João Pessoa, PB e Manaus, AM, contemplando assim, diferentes regimes pluviométricos. A metodologia empregada para esse fim foi o método da simulação de balanço hídrico em reservatórios, com a avaliação dos resultados para diferentes volumes comerciais (1.000 L, 1.500 L, 2.000 L, 3.000 L e 5.000 L). Quanto aos critérios iniciais de simulação (condições captação-demanda, situação inicial de reservação, volumes de descarte), o descarte do primeiro escoamento gerou as alterações mais representativas nas falhas ao atendimento à demanda. Quanto às diferentes séries de demandas, aumentos de 40% do volume demandado, provocaram um acréscimo de 2,5 vezes no volume de armazenamento em regiões com baixa variabilidade sazonal do regime de chuvas e, em até 5 vezes o tamanho do reservatório, nas regiões com sazonalidades bem definidas. Quanto aos diferentes rearranjos da série de precipitações, as variações interanuais e intra-anuais não ocasionaram grandes alterações nas falhas no atendimento à demanda. Assim, com base nos resultados encontrados, recomenda-se uma maior atenção à influência da extensão e a discretização temporal da série de precipitações durante o dimensionamento de reservatórios para o aproveitamento de água da chuva.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T13:38:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gracyeli Santos Souza Guarienti.pdf: 4160382 bytes, checksum: 066e507b4df1c012a091983043416a9b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T15:41:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gracyeli Santos Souza Guarienti.pdf: 4160382 bytes, checksum: 066e507b4df1c012a091983043416a9b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T15:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gracyeli Santos Souza Guarienti.pdf: 4160382 bytes, checksum: 066e507b4df1c012a091983043416a9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-27 / CAPES / Variáveis climatológicas podem ser estudadas a partir de seu comportamento temporal. Nesse sentido, este trabalho desenvolveu uma técnica computacional de processamento espaço-temporal de variáveis climatológicas que utiliza busca por similaridade e a possibilidade de comparação em várias resoluções temporais. Para demonstração do uso da técnica e verificação dos resultados, sequências de processamento foram aplicadas em séries de precipitação de um período de quinze anos usando os algoritmos Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) e wavelet em quatro biomas: Amazônia, Cerrado, Pantanal e Mata Atlântica. A técnica foi aplicada nas séries originais e em suas wavelets, com resoluções temporais mensal, semestral, anual e quinze anos de forma a permitir que análises específicas em cada resolução possam ser aplicadas. A flexibilidade e a variedade de resoluções temporais permitidas pela técnica torna possível acrescentar aos processos de monitoramento ambiental novas perspectivas em tomadas de decisão. / Climatic variables can be studied from its temporal behavior. In this sense, this study developed a temporal analysis technique for climatological variables using similarity search and the possibility of comparison in various temporal resolution levels. For the income statement, several processing sequences were applied in series of precipitation a period of fifteen years using the Dynamic Time Warping algorithm (DTW) and wavelet on four biomes: Amazon, Cerrado, Pantanal and Atlantic Forest. The technique was applied to the original data and wavelets, in the temporal resolution of time monthly, semi-annual, annual and fifteen years enable visualization and comparison of data on these different scales. Application the technique developed in this study, provide new perspectives to decision-making in environmental monitoring processes.

Η παρούσα εργασία διαπραγματεύεται την επεξεργασία ετήσιων και εποχικών χρονοσειρών βροχόπτωσης από 12 σταθμούς της Δυτικής Ελλάδας για την περίοδο 1975-2004. Επιπλέον για τους 8 από τους συνολικά 12 σταθμούς όπου υπήρχε η δυνατότητα, η επεξεργασία αφορά μια περίοδο 50 ετών (1956-2005). Χρησιμοποιώντας ως κλιματικό δείκτη το ετήσιο βροχομετρικό ύψος προκύπτει ότι το σύνολο των 12 σταθμών χαρακτηρίζεται εν γένει από έναν συνδυασμό ημίυγρου ή υγρού κλιματικού τύπου. Χρησιμοποιώντας τον μη-παραμετρικό έλεγχο των Mann-Kendall για την εξακρίβωση παρουσίας τάσεων σε βάθος χρόνου, για την περίοδο 1975-2004 δεν διαφαίνεται η ύπαρξη κάποιας σημαντικής τάσης εκτός από τις ετήσιες βροχοπτώσεις του Πύργου που εμφανίζουν μία σημαντικά αρνητική τάση. Την περίοδο από το 1956-2005 προκύπτουν σημαντικά αρνητικές τάσεις τόσο σε εποχική βάση (κυρίως την άνοιξη) όσο και σε ετήσια για τους μισούς από τους οκτώ σταθμούς που εξετάστηκαν. Η Γάμμα κατανομή είναι εκείνη που περιγράφει καλύτερα το φυσικό μέγεθος ύψος βροχόπτωσης και στην περίπτωση μας προσδιορίζονται ανά σταθμό και για την περίοδο 1975-2004 (σε εποχική και ετήσια βάση), οι παράμετροι της με την βοήθεια της μεθόδου μέγιστης πιθανοφάνειας. Στα πλαίσια της φασματικής ανάλυσης, για να εξακριβωθεί η ύπαρξη ή οχι περιοδικότητας στην τιμή της διασποράς των εποχικών και ετήσιων τιμών βροχόπτωσης χρησιμοποιούνται οι 7 σταθμοί για τους οποίους υπάρχει επάρκεια μετρήσεων με εξεταζόμενη περίοδο την πεντηκονταετία 1955-2004 και κάνοντας χρήση της μεθόδου Blackman-Tukey. Προκύπτει με την εν λόγω μέθοδο ότι κατά την διάρκεια του φθινοπώρου και της άνοιξης δεν διαφαίνονται κάποια σαφή στοιχεία περιοδικότητας στην διασπορά των υψών υετού των 7 σταθμών. Αυτό δεν ισχύει όμως για τον χειμώνα αλλά και σε ετήσια βάση, όπου στα φάσματα των τιμών υετού των σταθμών αποκαλύπτονται τρεις περιοχές συχνοτήτων περιοδικότητας που μοιάζουν αρκετά μεταξύ τους. Αυτό αντανακλά το γεγονός ότι σε γενικές γραμμές οι σταθμοί της Δυτικής Ελλάδας επηρεάζονται από τα ίδια περιπου βαρομετρικά συστήματα και άρα είναι φυσιολογικό να εμφανίζουν παρόμοιες συνιστώσες περιοδικότητας στις διασπορές των τιμών υετού τους. / This work deals with the processing of annual and seasonal precipitation series from 12 stations of West Greece for a 30-year study period (1975-2004). Moreover for 8 out for τηε 12 stations where possible, the processing uses a 50-year study period (1956-2005). By using the annual precipitation height as an climatic index it follows that the total of the twelve stations is characterized generally by a combination of semi-wet and wet climatic type. Making use of nonparametric Mann-Kendall test for ascertaining the existence of trend, it doesn't follow any significant trend for the 30-year period (1975-2004), with the exception of the annual precipitation heights of Pirgos that show a significant negative trend. During the 50-year period (1956-2005) significant negative trends occur in seasonal (mainly during spring) and annual basis as well, for half of the eight stations which have been examined. Gamma distribution is tha type of statistical distribution that describes more effectively the physical quantity precipitation height, and in our case its parameters per station are being computed for the period 1975-2004, by using the maximum likelihood method. Under the framework of a Spectral analysis of the precipitation series (for the verification of periodicity in the variances of precipitation rates) , 7 stations are used for a 50-year study period (1955-2004) by using the Blackman-Tukey method. It follows after this method has been used, that precipitation series don't appear any periodicity during autumn and spring seasons. This is in contrast with the winter season and the annual rainfall values as well, where three parts of periodicity in the spectra of the stations appear that bear a common resemblance. This depicts the fact that genarally the total of West Greece stations are influenced by almost the same barometric pressure systems which leads to the variances of precipitation rates to appear common periodicity components.