Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

In the study, we determined if corridor structures use by carnivores is influenced by habitat features or prey quantity. We found that predator utilization of corridors are primarily driven by abundances of its principal prey rather than corridor characteristics but this relationship between prey abundance and carnivore distribution is species-specific. None of the measured habitat features affected the probability of carnivore detection.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Raymond A. Cloyd / Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests in greenhouse production systems due to direct and indirect plant damage resulting in substantial economic losses. In addition, western flower thrips has developed resistance to many insecticides. Therefore, alternative plant protection strategies are warranted, such as augmentative biological control. This research was designed to evaluate 1) the effect of different absolute numbers of predator (rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria) and prey (western flower thrips) on predation efficacy of rove beetle under laboratory conditions; 2) the effect of western flower thrips pupal stage, predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area on predation efficacy of rove beetle in the laboratory; and 3) the effectiveness and cost of integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and the rove beetle, D. coriaria, in suppressing western flower thrips populations under greenhouse conditions. Three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess predation efficacy of rove beetle adults on three western flower thrips pupal stages [prepupa, pupa, and prepupa-pupa combination (50%:50%)]. In each experiment, there were six numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of rove beetle adults and four initial numbers (15, 20, 25, and 30) of one western flower thrips pupal stage. This treatment configuration allowed for assessing the effect of predator-prey ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), accounting for different initial prey numbers, on predation efficacy of the rove beetle. Overall, for each pupal stage, the estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards decreased as the number of rove beetle adults released increased from 1 to 3, although the effect of additional rove beetle adult releases was not apparent. Furthermore, across the pupal stages considered in this study, in general, there was no evidence of any differences due to predator-prey ratios or initial prey numbers within each predator-prey ratio. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of western flower thrips pupal stage, predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area on predation efficacy of rove beetle adults. In experiment 1, there were two western flower thrips pupal stages (prepupa and pupa), three predator-prey ratios (rove beetle:western flower thrips—1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), and three predator-prey numbers (2, 3, and 4 times). Experiment 2 evaluated the latter two factors in combination with searchable area defined by container sizes [15.2 cm (1,834.82 cm3) and 11.5 cm (701.79 cm3)]. The estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly higher for the 1:5 predator-prey ratio [61.1% (48.5-72.4%)] than 1:10 [39% (28.1-51.2%)] and 1:15 predator-prey ratio [34.7% (24.7-46.3%)]. The estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards for 2 times the predator-prey number [57% (44.3-68.8%)] was significantly higher than 3 [37.2% (26.6-49.3%)] and 4 [40.6% (30-52.3%)] times the predator-prey number. In addition, a significantly higher estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults was captured on the yellow sticky cards in the 15.2 cm than 11.5 cm containers. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted that evaluated five treatments: combination of insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), B. bassiana, D. coriaria, B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and a water control. Overall, the estimated mean number of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0, 46) than for the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (mean range: 0.3, 105.1) over eight weeks. There were no significant differences in final foliage quality of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x grandiflorum, plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. However, in experiment 2, the chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to substantial feeding damage by western flower thrips. The cost of the insecticide treatment was nearly twice that of the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination ($963.50 vs. $495.67) and was over twice that of the B. bassiana only treatment ($963.50 vs. $417.04). The D. coriaria only treatment was the least expensive at $78.63. The results of the research provide insight into the predatory behavior of D. coriaria on western flower thrips pupal stages, which may have practical implications for greenhouse production systems. However, predation efficacy of rove beetle adults on western flower thrips is influenced by predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area. Finally, greenhouse producers must initiate insecticide applications or release rove beetle adults early in the production cycle when western flower thrips populations are low to minimize plant damage.

Comprehensive wildlife conservation strategies must include consideration of the agricultural matrix and its integration into the greater landscape. Bats are postulated to provide critical pest suppression services, but the effects of agricultural intensification on insectivorous bats are not clear. Few studies have thoroughly investigated the ecosystem services provided by bats due, in part, to limited understanding of species-specific habitat use in agricultural landscapes, difficulties in prey identification, and the challenge of quantifying the impact of bats on pest populations and crops. My dissertation integrates these components to describe ecological relationships between the insects and bats associated with a pecan agroecosystem in central Texas. Specifically, I focus on the predator-prey relationship between bats and the pecan nut casebearer moth (PNC), a devastating pest of pecans. I begin with a literature review of the ecosystem services of insectivorous bats and the data necessary to thoroughly evaluate these services. I then assess the potential factors influencing species composition and spatio-temporal distributions of bats within the pecan agroecosystem. My results demonstrate higher activity and diversity of bats within the pecan agroecosystem than in the surrounding landscape likely due to roosting opportunities, but species-specific and seasonal differences exist in the effects of management intensity. Next, I investigate direct interactions between bats and PNC by measuring prey consumption patterns. I found that five species of bats prey upon PNC moths during all three critical population peaks prior to insecticide application, but there is variability in consumption among species. Finally, I assess indirect interactions between bats and pecans, by evaluating the effect of bat predation risk on pecan damage by PNC larvae. A negative relationship between foraging activity by bats and both PNC moths and PNC larval damage to pecans provides evidence that bat predation has quantitative downstream effects. My results highlight the conservation value of the agricultural matrix for bats and the complexities of accurately documenting ecosystem services provided by free-ranging mobile organisms.

Climate changes affect species interactions which can have cascading effect up to the ecosystem level. This work investigates the effects of temperature and predator size on predator prey interactions by measuring the feeding rates of predators and metabolic rates of both predator and prey, using dragonfly larvae Aeshna cyanea and toad tadpoles Bufo bufo as a model system. Possible consequences of the findings for the impacts of climate change and predation on amphibian populations are discussed.

The spread of non-native species is a global threat and the rate at which biological invasions occur is likely to increase in the future. This thesis examines the implications of the invasive signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), for instream communities and abiotic processes within lowland rivers in England. The potential effects on lotic macroinvertebrate communities and fine sediment dynamics are investigated at a range of spatial and temporal scales, from the examination of national long-term datasets through to short-term detailed mesocosm experiments. Interrogation of macroinvertebrate community data from three English regions was undertaken to understand the temporal and spatial extent of signal crayfish effects. Invasive crayfish had significant long-term and persistent effects on resident macroinvertebrate communities regardless of the lithology or other environmental characteristics of the region. The resultant modifications to community composition had repercussions for several widely employed freshwater biomonitoring tools which employ faunal abundance in their derivation. A reach-scale field study was undertaken at two sites, one invaded by crayfish and one which did not support populations of crayfish (control), to assess the potential contribution of signal crayfish for fine sediment dynamics (ingress, fluxes and ultimately the overall implications for sediment budgets). Reach-scale field experiments examining the effect of crayfish invasion on resident macroinvertebrate communities over a 126-day period indicated that once crayfish populations are well-established their effects are persistent. However, separating the effects of crayfish from wider macroinvertebrate community dynamics and life-history characteristics of the invader and resident taxa means that attributing the effects is far from clear. The thesis presents the results of a series of novel mesocosm experiments which examined the dynamic and two-way interactions of predator-prey relationships and potential zoogeomorphological effects of signal crayfish and the freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex. Signal crayfish had a significant effect on the mass of fine sediment infiltrating into the gravel matrix associated with foraging and predatory activity; however this was strongly controlled by prey availability. Finally, through the development of conceptual models, the thesis illustrates the need for greater integration of ecological and geomorphological theories, at relevant environmental scales (temporal and spatial) to achieve truly interdisciplinary research.

We establish a theorem on the approximation of the solutions of delay differential equations with continuously distributed delay with solutions of delay differential equations with discrete delays. We present numerical simulations of the trajectories of discrete delay differential equations and the dependence of their behavior for various delay amounts. We further simulate continuously distributed delays by considering discrete approximation of the continuous distribution.

In this work we studing a generalized predator-prey system in a spatial domain, in terms of formation. We show parameter, regions where transcritical, Hopf and Turing bifurcations appear are presented, and also some spatial patterns that arise for specific parameters in the Turing region are also shown. / Neste trabalho estudamos um sistema presa-predador generalizado, num domínio espacial, sob o aspecto de formação de bifurcações. Regiões de parâmetros onde bifurcações transcrítica, de Hopf e de Turing aparecem são apresentadas, assim como alguns padrões espaciais que surgem para parâmetros específicos na região de Turing também são mostrados.

Malgré des inconvénients rédhibitoires, l’utilisation de molluscicides reste prédominante dans les stratégies de lutte contre les gastéropodes terrestres, une situation qui appelle au développement d’alternatives. Bien que les gastéropodes terrestres reposent essentiellement sur la chémodétection pour la réalisation d’un grand nombre d’interactions capitales avec leur environnement, leur perception de la prédation reste largement méconnue malgré son importance écologique. Nous avons donc étudié l’altération de comportements de maintenance chez deux espèces de gastéropodes terrestres nuisibles, la limace Deroceras reticulatum et l’escargot Xeropicta derbentina, en présence de composés chimiques issus de différentes espèces de carabes, une catégorie importante de prédateurs mallacophages. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les caractéristiques écologiques des prédateurs sont cruciales dans la perception de la pertinence de la menace par ces gastéropodes. / Despite crippling drawbacks, molluscicides remain predominant in strategies employed against terrestrial gastropods pests, a situation that call for the development of alternatives. Although chemodetection drive many crucial interactions in terrestrial gastropods, their perception of predation remains largely unknown despite its ecological importance. We investigated the alteration of self-maintenance behaviours of two harmful land gastropods, the slug Derocers reticulatum and the snail Xeropicta derbentina, exposed to chemical compounds from different ground beetle species, an important category of gastropod predators. The results obtained indicate that the ecological features of the predators are crucial for the perception of the relevance of the predation threat by these gastropods.

O gerenciamento dos estoques pesqueiros, um dos instrumentos da biomanipulação, deve ter início com a classificação das espécies existentes e sua diversidade, a estrutura da rede alimentar e as relações reguladoras, como a relação predador-presa. O lago Paranoá (Brasília - DF) é um reservatório urbano que sofre pressões antrópicas devido a seus usos múltiplos. Após a construção enchimento, sucessivas introduções de espécies ictíicas exóticas causaram um desequilíbrio que, associado às pressões descritas acima, geraram uma aceleração no processo de eutrofização deste ambiente. Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar os impactos ambientais da introdução das espécies predadoras sobre a cadeia trófica e a qualidade da água do reservatório; determinar a eficiência das diferentes espécies de predadores no controle das presas nas áreas marginais da represa, discutindo possíveis estratégias de manejo pesqueiro baseadas na estocagem de peixes predadores. Para tanto foram construídos 10 limnocurrais com lonas impermeáveis numa baía localizada no ETE-Norte (Estação de tratamento de esgotos - Norte). Em seu interior, após a retirada de todos os peixes, foram estocadas por um período de 28 dias, duas espécies de predadores (Cichla ocellaris e Pseudoplatytoma fasciatum) e uma comunidade simplificada de presas (Tilapia rendalli e Oreochromis niloticus), acima da capacidade do suporte do sistema, definida em 4 classes de tamanho. As biomassas de estocagem foram determinadas a partir da aplicação de retenona em uma área com dimensões conhecidas, e extrapoladas para as áreas dos limnocurrais. As variáveis físicas e químicos da água foram acompanhados semanalmente durante o experimento. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, em relação às variáveis limnológicas. Quanto ao controle das presas, o tucunaré mostrou-se um predador eficiente em relação às classes de tamanhos menores ) (2 - 6,9 cm e 7 - 12,9 cm), fato não observado para o tratamento com surubim. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, não foi comprovada a hipótese de cascata trófica devido à complexidade das interações entre os organismos em ambientes tropicais. / The managing of the fish stocks, one of the tools of the biomanipulation, must begin with the classification of the present species and their diversity, of the structure of the food web and of the regulation relations (as the relation predator-prey).The Paranoá Lake (Brasília, DF) is an urban reservoir that suffers human pressures as a result of its multiple uses. After its construction and filling, the successive introduction of many fish exotic species resulted in an unbalance that, associated with the pressures described above, generated an acceleration in the eutrophication process of the ambient. In this way, the objectives of this work were: evaluate the environmental impacts from the introduction of the species predators in food web and quality from the reservoir\'s water; decide the efficiency of the species of predators in the prey\'s control in the marginal areas from dam, discussing possible fishing strategies of management based in the Stocking of fish predators. Them, 10 limnocorrals were built with waterproof canvases in a bay located in ETE-NORTE (sewers handling Station - North). In its interior, after retreat of all fishes, by a period of 28 days, two species of predators were stocked (Cichla ocellaris and Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), and a community simplified of prey (Tilapia rendalli and Oreochromis niloticus), above from the capacity of the system, defined in 4 classes of size. The biomasses of stocking were determined from application of rotenona in an area with known dimensions, and overstepped for the areas of the limnocorrals. The physical-chemists parameters from the water were accompanied weekly during the experiment. It had no significant differences between the handlings, regarding the variables limnological. As regards the control of prey, C. ocellaris showed itself an efficient predator regarding the smallest classes of sizes (2 - 6,9 cm and 7 - 12,9 cm), fact do not observe for the handling with P. coruscans. Agreement with the results obtained, was not verified to hypothesis of trophic cascade due to the complexity of the interactions between the agencies in tropical environments.