Inaug.-diss. - Basel. / Curriculum vitae. "Literatur-verzeichnis": p. [91]

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Student: Nikola Mrázková Supervisor of Diploma thesis: Doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich CSc. Title of Diploma thesis: Formulation of nanoparticles with terbinafine In the theoretical part of this diploma thesis is presented review concerning basic applications of nanotechnology in health service, characteristic of nanoparticles, their dividing and use in pharmacotherapy, especially in targeted drug transport. The focus of the thesis presented here is in experimental part. Particles of submicrom size were fabricated by the using of emusion solvent distribution method in the emulsion of o/w type. Star-like terpolymer of DL- lactic acid and glycolic acid branched on tripentaerytritole as core was used as potential drug carrier. The aim was to prepare the smallest particles as possible. The size and the size distribution were measured by the PCS method by the using of the device Zeta Sizer ZS. The impact of two from the chemical point of view different emulsifiers and two emulsion concentrations on the granulometric parameters of the prepared particles was evaluated. The stability of parameters during storage at lowered temperature and in the frozen state during the one day period after preparation was...

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Farmaceutická fakulta v Hradci Králové Katedra farmaceutické technologie Studentka: Eliška Königová Vedoucí diplomové práce: Doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich CSc. Název práce: Influence of solvent on the size of polyester nanoparticles In the theoretical part of this thesis the methods of fabrication of nanoparticles and their evaluation are described. It further explores the biodegradable polymer of glycolic acid and lactic acid and in particular the nanoparticles prepared from this polymer. The main objective were the results of an experiment which explored some of the technological parameters of formulation of biodegradable particles made from terpolymer of DL-lactic acid, glycolic acid and tripentaerythritole by o/w emulsion method. The aim was to create the smallest possible nanoparticles using the standard procedure. The study sought the optimal concentration of emulsifier cetrimide. It evaluated the influence of the concentration of emulsion and the concentration of the polyester carrier and terbinafine as a model drug for the assessment of granulometric parameters of prepared particles. For an intended use of the method the storage of samples at low temperature after the addition of mannitol was granulometrically evaluated.

BACKGROUND: Stereochemistry is often used in the development of drugs. Enantiomers of a chiral drug are two non-superimposable mirror images of the molecule and a racemic mixture consists of equal quantities of both enantiomers. This study looks at the phenomenon of “chiral switching” where a molecule previously developed and marketed by an innovator company as a racemate medicine is later developed and launched as a single enantiomer. Drug utilization and market share data of three molecules that underwent chiral switching were investigated retrospectively to determine the clinical and economic impact of these occurrences in the private South African pharmaceutical market. METHOD: Unit sales and rand sales data of the racemate (and its generics) and the single enantiomer of three drug substance pairs, namely omeprazole-esomeprazole, citalopram-escitalopram and cetirizine-levocetirizine were gathered a year preceding the launch of the single enantiomer to three years subsequent to the launch of the single enantiomer onto the private market. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistical analysis included plotting trend lines of the annual unit and rand sales of both the racemate (and its generics) and the single enantiomer products during the study period, pie charts illustrating the year on year differences in market share (in both unit sales and rand value of sales) as well as box and whisker plots of the racemate and its generics plotted for the year before the single enantiomer was launched, the year after its launch, two years after launch and three years after launch. The probability of the enantiomer being prescribed/ sold instead of the racemate at different time points was also calculated to determine whether the drug utilization of the single enantiomer increased or decreased from introduction until three years subsequent to its launch. CONCLUSION: Results were consistent with global literature indicating that “chiral switching’ is a successful strategy employed by innovator companies to extend their market share. Drug utilization of the single enantiomer generally showed an upward trend following its launch indicating that there is a perceived belief of enhanced clinical outcomes for the patient. There are, however, many other influencing factors such as pricing strategies, prescription status, marketing efforts to physicians and/or consumers and patent challenges specific to each market that make it difficult to draw a general conclusion from the case studies.

.A Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of the Witwatersrand SEPTEMBER 1962. / Plasmoquine (piasmochin, paiuaquin) was the first synthetic antimalarial drug, and it aroused a great deal of interest when it became available in 1926. Dixon (1933) estimated that at least 415 papers relating to plasmoquine hid appeared in the first 4 years following iti introduction, thereafter the volume of communications decreased somewhat,until fresh interest was stimulated by the Second world <.ar and the horean »,ar with fighting in maiariou. areas / IT2018

Thesis (MSc (Chemistry)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011. / Surveys indicate that most South African origin women want long and straight hair (Mamabolo and Summers, 2006). Such women will therefore use a relaxer to straighten their hair. Many such preparations cause damage to the hair and scalp; hence identification of an effective and mild relaxer would be advantageous. This dissertation investigates South African origin hair structure and goes on to describe the effects of relaxers on South African origin hair. This work also analyses the effects of the lye and no-lye relaxers separately. The work was divided into two sections. The first section was the clinical study where two types of relaxers (‘lye’, a sodium hydroxide base relaxer and ‘no-lye’, a guanidine hydroxide base relaxer) were applied on the new outgrowth representing natural hair in a half-head study design of five South African origin female volunteers. Subjective (subject self-assessment) and objective (Researcher assessment) hair assessments were performed. The second section was the analysis of the hair samples by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using the Pico Tag as well as Electron Microscopy. There was no erythema detected in the clinical study on the scalp of any of the subjects post-application. Both the researcher and the subjects assessed the performance of the no-lye relaxer to be better than the lye relaxer in terms of straightness. The researcher also assessed the performance of the no-lye relaxer to be better than the lye relaxer in terms of softness, shininess, volume and dryness. The performance of the two types of relaxers was assessed to be the same by both the researcher and the subjects in terms of length and damage. There was a statistically significant (p< 0.1) decrease in the amount (g/100 g hair) of cystine after treatment compared to before treatment with both the lye relaxer (median [range]) (7.8 [2.5-9.9] vs. 9.1 [6.7-11.9]; p= 0.086) and the no-lye relaxer (4.0 [2.9-4.8] vs. 9.1 [6.7-11.9]; p= 0.005); this decrease was significantly greater (p= 0.086) for the no-lye relaxer. There was also a statistically significant decrease in the amount of lysine after treatment compared to before treatment with both the lye relaxer (2.0 [1.5-2.3] vs. 2.1 [2.0-2.6]; p= 0.082) and the no-lye relaxer (2.0 [1.5-2.2]; p= 0.036); this decrease was not significantly different (p= 0.920) for the two types of relaxer. No significant differences were found in the levels of the remaining 15 amino acids analysed. For all the subjects no physical evidence of hair damage was observable from the scanning electron microscopy images of the hair shafts and the cuticles. The longer wash-off time confirmed the claimed relative safety of ‘no-lye’ relaxers. The no-lye relaxer performed better overall than the lye relaxer in terms of the hair quality parameters assessed. A decrease in cystine levels is consistent with better performance in terms of hair straightness. The results from electron microscopy were not conclusive.

Thesis (MSc(Med)(Pharmacy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012. / The role of the pharmacist has evolved over the last two decades beyond the traditional functions of dispensing and stock control. The focus has shifted toward patient-oriented functions, in which the pharmacist assumes responsibility for the patient’s drug- and healthcare needs as well as the outcome of treatment. The aim of this research was to assess the need for pharmaceutical care to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit of Steve Biko Hospital. The surgical and trauma ICU is a 12 bed unit to which the researcher rendered pharmaceutical care over an eight week period, from 14 February to 26 March 2011. Interventions to assess drug therapy and achieve definite outcomes to improve patients’ quality of life were documented for 51 study patients according to the system developed by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (1992). Of the 51 patients, 35 were male and 16 were female. The age of the patients ranged from 12 years to 86 years, with most patients admitted to the unit in the age groups 21 to 30 years, and 51 to 60 years. The patients’ estimated weights ranged from 40kg to 120kg with older patients, from age 41 upwards, weighing more. The average stay in the unit was 8.7 days, with the minimum stay for one patient being only one day, and the maximum stay for one patient was 26 days. In the study, the HIV status of only 13 of the 51 patients was tested. Of the 13 patients, six were HIV positive, while seven tested negative. All the patients admitted to the unit were not tested for HIV, because they were not admitted to the unit for HIV-related causes, and test results would not have had an effect on their outcome. Diagnoses encountered most frequently in the unit were trauma (21 patients), skeletal involvement or fractures (16 patients), infections or sepsis (15 patients) and gastro-intestinal bleeds (14 patients). In most cases more than one diagnosis applied to the same patient, since patients admitted with trauma also had skeletal or gastro-intestinal involvement. An Assessment of the need of Pharmaceutical Services in the Intensive Care Unit and High Care Unit of Steve Biko Academic Hospital viii The medications prescribed most frequently were enoxaparin (49 patients), sucralfate (41 patients) and multivitamin syrup (47 patients); in accordance with the standard ward protocol for prophylactic regimens. The drug class most often used was the anti-infectiveshaving124 items prescribed during the study period. Of these, the broad spectrum antibiotics were used most frequently, e.g. piperacillin/tazobactam (22 patients), meropenem (11 patients) and imipenem (11 patients). An average of 12 medications was prescribed for each patient in the ward. A total of 181 interventions were suggested for the 51 patients during the study period, of which 127 (70%) were accepted and implemented by the medical and nursing staff. The average number of interventions per patient ranged from 0 to 13 with a median of 3.5 interventions per patient. The four most frequent problem types were untreated medical conditions (15.5%), length or course of therapy inappropriate (13.8%), investigations indicated or outstanding (12.2%) and prescribed doses and dosing frequency appropriate (11%). Interventions were also made regularly to address system errors or non-compliance and factors hindering achievement of therapeutic effect. The perceived need for pharmaceutical care by healthcare professionals in the SICU was measured by questionnaires before and after the study period. The feedback by staff regarding the pharmacist working in the ward was very positive. They appreciated the researchers input on ward rounds, as well as assistance with problems encountered with the pharmacy. Of the total time spent in the ward, the researcher spent 28% of her time on patient evaluation. Ward rounds also took up a great deal of time (21.7%), since ward rounds were done with different members of the multidisciplinary team. Most interventions were suggested during ward rounds. The costs saved during the study period were enough to justify the appointment of a pharmacist to the ward on a permanent basis, albeit for limited hours daily. The researcher designed an antibiotic protocol for the unit. The protocol was designed according to international standards, and after discussion with the microbiologists, adapted for use in the specific unit. An Assessment of the need of Pharmaceutical Services in the Intensive Care Unit and High Care Unit of Steve Biko Academic Hospital ix In conclusion, the study results have demonstrated that a pharmacist’s contribution to patient care at ward level in a surgical ICU resulted in clinical outcomes that improved the patient’s quality of life. Drug-related problems were identified and addressed. Medical staff in the S-ICU accepted the pharmacist’s interventions and even welcomed her contribution to other ward functions, for instance managing medication and providing education. Pharmaceutical care should be rendered on a permanent basis to the Surgical ICU and the pharmacist should increasingly become a key part of the multidisciplinary team, taking responsibility for patients’ medication needs.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität München, 1981. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-82).

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes survey instrument. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 63-75)