On the basis of the well-known preservative properties of Sphagnum moss, a potential opportunity to use moss polysaccharides (Sphagnan) in art conservation was tested. Polysaccharides were extracted from the moss (S. palustre spp.) in the amount of 4.1% of the Sphagnum plant dry weight. All lignocelluloses were removed from this extract as a result of the treatment of the moss cellulose with sodium chlorite. The extracted polysaccharide possessed a strong acidic reaction (pH 2.8) and was soluble in water and organic solvents. The extract was tested on laboratory bacterial cultures by the disk-diffusion method. The antibacterial effect was demonstrated for E. coli and P. aeruginosa (both gram-negative) while Staphylococcus aurelus (gram-positive) was shown to be insensitive to Sphagnum polysaccharides. The antifungal effect of Sphagnum extract was tested by the disk-diffusion method on the spores of seventeen fungal species. These fungi were isolated from ethnographic museum objects and from archaeological objects excavated in the Arctic. Twelve of these isolates appeared susceptible to the extract. The inhibiting effect of the extract was also tested by the modified broth-dilution method on the most typical isolate (Aspergillus spp.). In this experiment, in one ml of the nutritious broth, 40µl of 3% solution of polysaccharides in water killed 10,000 fungal spores in 6 hours. The inhibiting effect was not connected to the acidity or osmotic effect of Sphagnum polysaccharides. As an example of the application of Sphagnum polysaccharides in art conservation, they were added as preservative agents to conservation waxes. After three weeks of exposure of microcrystalline wax to test fungi (Aspergillus spp.), 44% of wax was consumed. When, however, ~ 0.1% (w/w) of Sphagnum extract was mixed with wax, the weight loss of wax was only 4% in the same time interval. On the basis of this study it was concluded that Sphagnum moss and Sphagnum products can be recommended for use in art conservation as antifungal agents. / Thesis (Master, Art Conservation) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-14 15:55:23.779

Resumo: Na sua quase totalidade, as formas farmacêuticas líquidas apresentam agentes conservantes em suas fórmulas visando a proteção contra o desenvolvimento microbiano. Entretanto, pesquisas indicam que conservantes são substâncias tóxicas, pois dependendo da concentração administrada podem provocar reações adversas ou intoxicações. A inclusão desses agentes na fórmula de um medicamento deve seguir rigorosamente os parâmetros de eficácia e segurança, garantindo assim proteção antimicrobiana máxima sem provocar danos aos usuários. Por essas razões, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos na qualidade das dispersões moleculares de uso oral comercializadas no Brasil em decorrência das alterações na concentração de excipientes no pós-registro de medicamentos, em especial a modificação "moderada" de conservantes (5 - 10%). Foram analisadas as fórmulas de todas as dispersões moleculares de uso oral, de referência, registradas na ANVISA em março de 2009, e os respectivos sistemas conservantes foram identificados. A elaboração de uma matriz "medicamentos versus sistemas conservantes" propiciou a definição dos principais sistemas conservantes empregados industrialmente e sua inserção em oito fórmulas de bancada. Os testes de efetividade antimicrobiana realizados nestas fórmulas indicaram que metade delas não atendeu aos critérios de aceitação propostos na monografia oficial (USP 32), além de outras duas que apresentaram frágil proteção antimicrobiana, pois nelas o crescimento microbiano esteve muito próximo do limite máximo permitido. Em se tratando dos riscos que tais alterações possam provocar na conservação de um medicamento, estes valores são preocupantes, especialmente em escala industrial e, no mínimo, as fórmulas não aprovadas deveriam ser retestadas / Abstract: Almost all liquid dosage forms have preservative agents in their formulas in order to protect against microbial growth. However, researches indicate that preservatives are toxic, because depending on the administered concentration they can cause adverse reactions or intoxications. The inclusion of these agents in the formulation of a product should strictly follow the parameters of efficacy and safety, thus ensuring maximum antimicrobial protection without causing harm to users. For these reasons, this study aimed to examine the possible impacts on the quality of molecular dispersions for oral administration commercialized in Brazil as a result of changes in the concentration of excipients in the post-registration of medicines, particularly the "moderate" modification of preservative agents (5 - 10%). All formulas of molecular dispersions for oral use, as reference drugs, recorded at ANVISA in March 2009 were analyzed and the preservative agents were identified. The development of a matrix "drugs versus preservative systems" led to the definition of major preservative systems used industrially and their inclusions in eight formulas studied. The antimicrobial effectiveness tests conducted on these formulas indicated that half of them did not meet the acceptance criteria proposed in the official monograph (USP 32), beyond two other formulas that presented weak antimicrobial protection, because microbial growth in them was very close to the maximum allowed. Considering the risks that such changes may result in the conservation of a drug these negative values are worrisome, especially on an industrial scale and, at least, the formulas not approved should be retested / Orientador: Taís Maria Bauab / Coorientador: Ana Dóris de Castro / Banca: Lauro Domingos Moretto / Banca: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_slg_me_arafcf.pdf: 629055 bytes, checksum: 4c92bb2be28496297c6aee8cad01e39a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Na sua quase totalidade, as formas farmacêuticas líquidas apresentam agentes conservantes em suas fórmulas visando a proteção contra o desenvolvimento microbiano. Entretanto, pesquisas indicam que conservantes são substâncias tóxicas, pois dependendo da concentração administrada podem provocar reações adversas ou intoxicações. A inclusão desses agentes na fórmula de um medicamento deve seguir rigorosamente os parâmetros de eficácia e segurança, garantindo assim proteção antimicrobiana máxima sem provocar danos aos usuários. Por essas razões, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os possíveis impactos na qualidade das dispersões moleculares de uso oral comercializadas no Brasil em decorrência das alterações na concentração de excipientes no pós-registro de medicamentos, em especial a modificação “moderada” de conservantes (5 – 10%). Foram analisadas as fórmulas de todas as dispersões moleculares de uso oral, de referência, registradas na ANVISA em março de 2009, e os respectivos sistemas conservantes foram identificados. A elaboração de uma matriz “medicamentos versus sistemas conservantes” propiciou a definição dos principais sistemas conservantes empregados industrialmente e sua inserção em oito fórmulas de bancada. Os testes de efetividade antimicrobiana realizados nestas fórmulas indicaram que metade delas não atendeu aos critérios de aceitação propostos na monografia oficial (USP 32), além de outras duas que apresentaram frágil proteção antimicrobiana, pois nelas o crescimento microbiano esteve muito próximo do limite máximo permitido. Em se tratando dos riscos que tais alterações possam provocar na conservação de um medicamento, estes valores são preocupantes, especialmente em escala industrial e, no mínimo, as fórmulas não aprovadas deveriam ser retestadas / Almost all liquid dosage forms have preservative agents in their formulas in order to protect against microbial growth. However, researches indicate that preservatives are toxic, because depending on the administered concentration they can cause adverse reactions or intoxications. The inclusion of these agents in the formulation of a product should strictly follow the parameters of efficacy and safety, thus ensuring maximum antimicrobial protection without causing harm to users. For these reasons, this study aimed to examine the possible impacts on the quality of molecular dispersions for oral administration commercialized in Brazil as a result of changes in the concentration of excipients in the post-registration of medicines, particularly the “moderate” modification of preservative agents (5 – 10%). All formulas of molecular dispersions for oral use, as reference drugs, recorded at ANVISA in March 2009 were analyzed and the preservative agents were identified. The development of a matrix drugs versus preservative systems led to the definition of major preservative systems used industrially and their inclusions in eight formulas studied. The antimicrobial effectiveness tests conducted on these formulas indicated that half of them did not meet the acceptance criteria proposed in the official monograph (USP 32), beyond two other formulas that presented weak antimicrobial protection, because microbial growth in them was very close to the maximum allowed. Considering the risks that such changes may result in the conservation of a drug these negative values are worrisome, especially on an industrial scale and, at least, the formulas not approved should be retested