No description available.

Preterm delivery (PTD) is a leading cause of infant death, and surviving infants are at risk for poor health. Data from the Iowa Health in Pregnancy Study, a case-control study of maternal stress on risk of PTD and small for gestational age (SGA) deliveries were used to address three aims: 1) develop a method to correct for error in ultrasound measurement among suspected SGA infants, 2) estimate the association of occupational stress on risk of PTD, and 3) examine injury-related risk factors for PTD. Estimates of gestational age using ultrasound can be biased if the fetus is growth-restricted, yielding underestimates due to the small stature of the fetus. Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to estimate and correct for this bias among subjects with a suspected SGA infant who 1) began prenatal care in the first trimester, 2) reported a last menstrual period and 3) had an ultrasound examination between 7-21 weeks. To correct for this bias, an average of 1.5 weeks was added to the ultrasound gestational age. Following the correction, the proportion of PTD cases decreased from 29.1% to 26.5% while SGA cases increased from 23.7% to 31.3%. Using this PTD classification, occupational physical and psychosocial stressors were studied. Continuous employment over the first 20 weeks of pregnancy was associated with a 30% increased risk of PTD versus not working. Working women reporting highly repetitive tasks (aOR=1.47(1.10-1.98)) or inadequate breaks (aOR=1.67(1.03-2.73)) were at increased risk of PTD. Working women who reported high lifting in the home had double the risk of PTD. Over 5% of control subjects reported an injury during pregnancy, and injured women tended to be younger, unmarried, less educated, and have lower incomes. Women with injuries involving >1 body part (aOR=2.50(1.14-5.49)), or injuries to the abdomen and other regions of the body (OR=1.75(0.59-5.23)) were at increased risk of PTD. Our findings provide a statistical approach to assess and correct for underestimates of ultrasound gestational age in case-control studies of PTD and SGA. The analyses of occupational exposures and injury during pregnancy indicate the need for studies that incorporate specific and standardized assessments of these exposures.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The aim of the study was to detect the prevalence of AV and its associated bacteria with preterm delivery in the Western Cape, South Africa. Furthermore, it sought particularly to examine and investigate the predictive value of GBS and E. faecalis for preterm delivery (PTD). It also aimed to establish other factors which may predict adverse pregnancy outcomes. Three hundred and one pregnant women were recruited from four different antenatal in the Western Cape, South Africa. The study conformed with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). Maternal data was collected from a questionnaire and maternal medical records. Vaginal and rectal swabs were collected and microscopically examined for AV, followed by culture characterization of GBS and E. faecalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also performed. In this study, AV was detected in 79 (26.2%) of the 301 pregnant women, and GBS and E. faecalis isolated from 50 (16.6%) and 21 (7.0%) respectively. GBS serotype V was the predominant serotype, followed by serotype III. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile analysis for both GBS and E. faecalis yielded a total of 24 restrictions profiles for GBS and 16 for E. faecalis. Multivariable analysis revealed that parity, gravidity, vaginal discharge, urinary tract infection, and smoking were significantly associated with PTD. The results from the study provides improved guidelines maternal screening of pregnant women. The early detection of AV-related bacteria may significantly reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity.

No description available.

Fragestellung: Die Symptome einer drohenden und die tatsächlich eingetretene Frühgeburt stehen am Ende eines pathophysiologischen Prozesses, der bislang ungenügend verstanden wird. So verwundert es nicht, wenn bisherige Präventions- und Therapiestrategien unzureichende Erfolge in der Prävention der Frühgeburtlichkeit gebracht haben. Ähnliches ist für die intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung festzustellen, die wohl das Ergebnis eines sehr früh in der Schwangerschaft beginnenden Prozesses darstellt. Es gibt eine Reihe von Studien, die die Bedeutung psychosozialer Bedingungen für den Verlauf von Schwangerschaft und Geburt belegen. Entscheidende Defizite bisheriger Untersuchungen liegen zum einen in der Vernachlässigung wichtiger psychosozialer Einflussfaktoren (insbesondere Ängste, Kindheitserfahrungen, soziale Netze und Partnerschaft) zum anderen beschränkt das retrospektive Design die Aussagekraft. Material und Methode: In der vorliegenden prospektiven Studie wurde 589 Frauen in der 16. - 22. SSW mittels eines im Projekt entwickelten Fragebogens untersucht. Von 508 Einlingsschwangeren konnten später Daten zum Schwangerschafts- und Geburtsverlauf aus den medizinischen Unterlagen entnommen werden. Zur Datenreduktion wurden Faktorenanalysen mit der Hauptkomponentenmethode und anschließender Varimax-Rotation gerechnet und die ermittelten Faktoren einer Reliabilitätsprüfung unterzogen. Als statistisches Auswertungsverfahren wurde die logistische Regression eingesetzt. Ergebnisse: Die vorliegende Untersuchung erbrachte erste interessante Hinweise auf gleichgerichtete aber auch unterschiedliche Ressourcen- und Risikokonstellationen bei verschiedenen, im Kontext der Frühgeburtlichkeit bedeutsamen Komplikationen. Schwangere, die wegen drohender Frühgeburt behandelt werden, scheinen stärker sozial belastet zu sein als diejenigen, die später tatsächlich vor der vollendeten 37. SSW gebären. Ein fehlendes weibliches Netzwerk und fehlendes emotionales Verständnis des Partners sind mit beiden Komplikationen korreliert, wobei die Paarbeziehung für die tatsächliche eintretende Frühgeburt eine besondere Bedeutung hat. Eine anamnestische Belastung durch gynäkologische Störungen war ebenfalls sowohl für die drohenden wie auch die tatsächlich eingetretene Frühgeburt prädiktiv. Ausgeprägte schwangerschaftsbezogene Ängste und eine geringe allgemeine Ängstlichkeit sind weitere signifikante Prädiktoren im Modell der Frühgeburt vor der vollendeten 37. SSW. Schwangere, deren Kinder intrauterin eine Mangelentwicklung erfahren, haben in der vorliegenden Studie eine unreflektierte Ambivalenz gegenüber Schwangerschaft und Mutterrolle. Sie betonen auf bewusster Ebene die Erwünschtheit ihrer Schwangerschaft, während unbewusste negative Emotionen auf potentielle somatische Probleme projiziert werden. Ein niedriger prägravider BMI wird sowohl durch andere Untersucher wie auch durch die eigenen Ergebnisse als Risikofaktor bestätigt. Neben den bekannten somatischen Einflüssen ist auch an einen Zusammenhang im Kontext der unbewussten Ablehnung weiblicher Körperlichkeit, wie sie z.B. von Anorexiepatientinnen bekannt ist, zu denken. Schlussfolgerungen: Paarbeziehung, weibliche Netzwerke, psychosomatische Reagibilität in Hinblick auf Erkrankungen der reproduktiven Organe und Ängste verdienen zur Prävention der Frühgeburt stärkere Aufmerksamkeit. Angebote psychosozialer Unterstützung sollten frühzeitig in der Gravidität und zielgruppenspezifisch gemacht werden und die Schwangeren in ihrem Kompetenz- und Autonomieempfinden stützen. / Research question: The symptoms of preterm labour and preterm delivery stand at the end of a pathophysiological process which is understood up to now insufficiently. So it does not amaze if previous preventive and therapeutic strategies have brought inadequate successes in the prevention of preterm delivery. Similar one is to be arrested for the intrauterine fetal growth retardation which represents presumably the result of a process beginning very early in the pregnancy. Some studies give evidence for psychosocial conditions for the process of pregnancy and birth. On the one hand fundamental deficits of previous investigations are in the disregard of important psychosocial performance-influencing factors (in particular fears, biographic factors, social network and partnership), on the other hand the retrospective design limits the informative value. Material and means: In the present prospective study 589 women between 16th and 22nd week of pregnancy were examined using a questionnaire that was designed for the study. This resulted in 508 women pregnant with a single child, whose pregnancy and delivery were examined based on their medical records. Factor analysis and main component analysis with subsequent varimax rotation resulted in factors that were subject to a proof of reliability. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression. Results: The present investigation produced first interesting indications of rectified but also different resource and risk constellations in the context of the preterm delivery. Pregnant women with preterm labour seeming to be burdened more strongly socially than those that later in fact have a preterm delivery. A missing feminine net and missing emotional understanding of the partner are correlated with both complications. The partnership has a special importance for the preterm delivery. An anamnestic load through gynaecological troubles was predictive also both for the threatening labour ones as also the preterm delivery. Marked pregnancy related fears and a small general anxiety are further significant predictors in the model of the preterm delivery. Pregnant women with intrauterine fetal retardation have in the present study an unconscious ambivalence opposite pregnancy and motherhood. On conscious tier they stress the desire of their pregnancy while unconscious negative emotions are being projected onto potential somatic problems. Compatible with other investigations a low pre-pregnancy weight was a risk factor. Next to the known somatic influences also a connection is to be thought of in the context of the unconscious refusal of feminine body as for example is known from anorectic patients. Conclusions: Partner relationship, female networks, psychosomatic reactivity in terms of diseases/disorders of the reproductive organs, and anxieties appear to be worthwhile targets in the prevention of preterm delivery. Psychosocial support should be given oriented to different target groups from early in the pregnancy.

<p>Risk factors such as intrauterine and vaginal infection put pregnant women at risk for delivering preterm. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, with women of African descent with low socioeconomic status and previous preterm delivery at high risk. Although frequently isolated from healthy women,&nbsp / Gardnerella vaginalis has been most frequently associated with BV. There is limited data available on the prevalence of BV in Southern Africa / therefore, we embarked on a study to determine the&nbsp / prevalence of BV and G. vaginalis in predominantly black communities in the Western Cape, in order to establish the role of G. vaginalis in BV. Women attending various Maternity and Obstetrics&nbsp / units (MOU) in the Cape Peninsula with and without a history of pre-term delivery (PTD) were invited to participate in the study. Several factors were statistically associated with pregnancy history,&nbsp / including location of study population, parity, smoking and presence of clinical symptoms. The presence of G. vaginalis was determined by culture in 51.7% of the preterm delivery group (PTDG)&nbsp / and 44% of the full-term delivery group (FTDG) women. BV was detected in 31.13% of PTDG and 23.67% of FTDG by Gram stained analysis according to Nugent scoring criteria, with age and HIV&nbsp / status posing as risk factors. When comparing PTDG and FTDG for an association between the presence of G. vaginalis and BV, a stronger association was observed in the PTDG but it was not statistically significant. In both PTDG and FTDG, G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in women diagnosed with BV at 24.5% (p &lt / 0.05). Antibiogram studies revealed both Metronidazole and Clindamycin resistant strains of G. vaginalis. G. vaginalis Biotype 7 is specifically associated with BV, while Biotype 2 appears to be associated with BV in women with a history&nbsp / of PTD. Accuracy of diagnostic tools were tested and it was determined that Nugent scoring is more sensitive in diagnosing BV (76.04%), but culture for G. vaginalis is more specific (83.21%). Although this study was limited in that we were unable to follow-up pregnancy outcomes, we were able to confirm the perceived role of G. vaginalis in BV.&nbsp / </p>

<p>Risk factors such as intrauterine and vaginal infection put pregnant women at risk for delivering preterm. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, with women of African descent with low socioeconomic status and previous preterm delivery at high risk. Although frequently isolated from healthy women,&nbsp / Gardnerella vaginalis has been most frequently associated with BV. There is limited data available on the prevalence of BV in Southern Africa / therefore, we embarked on a study to determine the&nbsp / prevalence of BV and G. vaginalis in predominantly black communities in the Western Cape, in order to establish the role of G. vaginalis in BV. Women attending various Maternity and Obstetrics&nbsp / units (MOU) in the Cape Peninsula with and without a history of pre-term delivery (PTD) were invited to participate in the study. Several factors were statistically associated with pregnancy history,&nbsp / including location of study population, parity, smoking and presence of clinical symptoms. The presence of G. vaginalis was determined by culture in 51.7% of the preterm delivery group (PTDG)&nbsp / and 44% of the full-term delivery group (FTDG) women. BV was detected in 31.13% of PTDG and 23.67% of FTDG by Gram stained analysis according to Nugent scoring criteria, with age and HIV&nbsp / status posing as risk factors. When comparing PTDG and FTDG for an association between the presence of G. vaginalis and BV, a stronger association was observed in the PTDG but it was not statistically significant. In both PTDG and FTDG, G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in women diagnosed with BV at 24.5% (p &lt / 0.05). Antibiogram studies revealed both Metronidazole and Clindamycin resistant strains of G. vaginalis. G. vaginalis Biotype 7 is specifically associated with BV, while Biotype 2 appears to be associated with BV in women with a history&nbsp / of PTD. Accuracy of diagnostic tools were tested and it was determined that Nugent scoring is more sensitive in diagnosing BV (76.04%), but culture for G. vaginalis is more specific (83.21%). Although this study was limited in that we were unable to follow-up pregnancy outcomes, we were able to confirm the perceived role of G. vaginalis in BV.&nbsp / </p>

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Risk factors such as intrauterine and vaginal infection put pregnant women at risk for delivering preterm. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a polymicrobial clinical syndrome commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, with women of African descent with low socioeconomic status and previous preterm delivery at high risk. Although frequently isolated from healthy women, Gardnerella vaginalis has been most frequently associated with BV. There is limited data available on the prevalence of BV in Southern Africa; therefore, we embarked on a study to determine the prevalence of BV and G. vaginalis in predominantly black communities in the Western Cape, in order to establish the role of G. vaginalis in BV. Women attending various Maternity and Obstetrics units (MOU) in the Cape Peninsula with and without a history of pre-term delivery (PTD) were invited to participate in the study. Several factors were statistically associated with pregnancy history, including location of study population, parity, smoking and presence of clinical symptoms. The presence of G. vaginalis was determined by culture in 51.7% of the preterm delivery group (PTDG) and 44% of the full-term delivery group (FTDG) women. BV was detected in 31.13% of PTDG and 23.67% of FTDG by Gram stained analysis according to Nugent scoring criteria, with age and HIV status posing as risk factors. When comparing PTDG and FTDG for an association between the presence of G. vaginalis and BV, a stronger association was observed in the PTDG but it was not statistically significant. In both PTDG and FTDG, G. vaginalis was isolated significantly more often in women diagnosed with BV at 24.5% (p < 0.05). Antibiogram studies revealed both Metronidazole and Clindamycin resistant strains of G. vaginalis. G. vaginalis Biotype 7 is specifically associated with BV, while Biotype 2 appears to be associated with BV in women with a history of PTD. Accuracy of diagnostic tools were tested and it was determined that Nugent scoring is more sensitive in diagnosing BV (76.04%), but culture for G. vaginalis is more specific (83.21%). Although this study was limited in that we were unable to follow-up pregnancy outcomes, we were able to confirm the perceived role of G. vaginalis in BV. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Pregnancy associated maternal morbidity and mortality along with adverse pregnancy outcomes have gained momentum over the past few years, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia despite the advances in medical science. Adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with low birth weight, growth restriction, developmental and cognitive abilities in infants and children. Medical care for preterm babies is costly, requires advanced equipment and qualified trained staff. Recently, levels/concentrations of cytokines have been used to predict and determine potential risk in various medical conditions. Biomarkers have shown to be helpful in many medical conditions and could be used to reduce the number of preterm deliveries in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether a highly elevated CRP serum concentration was associated with preterm delivery in a population of Rwandan mothers.

The human health impacts of anthropogenic climate change continue to intensify. Perhaps most concerning is the rapid rise in ambient temperature, with 10 of the hottest years ever recorded having occurred over the last 15 years (IPCC, 2018; NASA, 2019). A robust literature has accumulated characterizing an extensive list of adverse health effects of heat exposure, identifying a number of groups particularly vulnerable (Ebi et al., 2018). The most recent group identified as highly vulnerable to heat exposure is expectant mothers (Bekkar et al., 2020; Chersich et al., 2020). A consistent relationship has been observed between increased ambient temperature and adverse pregnancy events, including increase in preterm delivery (PTD), small for gestational age, and stillbirth (Bekkar et al., 2020; Chersich et al., 2020) . Utilizing birth records and fetal death records from 2000-2004, we carried out two case-crossover studies assessing the impact of ambient temperature on preterm delivery and stillbirth across the contiguous United States, where 1 in 10 births results in a preterm delivery and 1 in 160 births results in a stillborn fetus. Our aim was to assess how increased temperature, singularly and in combination with air pollution exposure, impacts the odds of experiencing a preterm delivery or stillbirth (Aims 1 and 2). Our third aim, performed with a case-control study, expanded on the exploration of air pollution exposure, examining how traffic related air pollution (measured by maternal residential proximity to major roadways) impacts placental-associated stillbirth (Aim 3). We identified significantly increased odds of preterm delivery and stillbirth associated with a 10-degree Fahrenheit increase in average apparent temperature in the week preceding delivery for babies delivered in the warm season (May – October) and the meteorological summer (June – August). These increases were strongest in the Southern half of the United States and modified by maternal race/ethnicity for both preterm delivery and stillbirth. The increased odds were independent of air pollution exposure (ozone and PM2.5), which had no impact on the odds of preterm delivery or stillbirth. Furthermore, we did not observe a meaningful increase in overall odds of placental-associated stillbirth with increased proximity of the maternal residence to major roads. These studies contribute to the growing literature on the vulnerability of pregnant women to heat exposure and enhance the understanding of environmental risk factors of preterm birth and stillbirth, a chronically understudied health outcome. / 2023-05-14T00:00:00Z