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Introduction: Despite advances in prevention and treatment of vaccine-preventable diseases, diarrhoeal and pneumococcal diseases remain a major source of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. The introduction of vaccines has led to dramatic reductions in the burden of infectious diseases and mortality among children. South Africa was the first country in Africa to introduce rotavirus vaccine (RV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in 2008 as part of its national immunisation programme. Performance of immunization programmes is commonly measured by the coverage and uptake of vaccines, hence ensuring that every child is immunized at the earliest or appropriate age is an important public health goal. We therefore assessed proportions and factors associated with uptake of RV and PCV among infants who were followed during the routine demographic surveillance system of the Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance Area (DSA) in a rural South Africa setting. Methods: An open cohort of children resident in the DSA aged 12 months or below was prospectively followed between January 2008 and December 2011. Trained interviewers visited households and administered a standardised questionnaire. Mothers and caregivers were asked to show the interviewers the South African Road-To-Health (RTH) card for all children aged 12-23 months at the time of the visit or through maternal recall for children whose RTH card was not available. The RTH card includes dates of all routine vaccinations a child has received. Rotavirus vaccine doses are given at 6 and 14 weeks of age and PCV doses at 6 and 14 weeks and 9 months. Complete uptake was defined as “complete” if a child received all recommended doses of either RV or PCV and incomplete if a child did not receive any dose or received one dose of RV or PCV. Logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with uptake of RV and PCV separately. Results: A total of 6,263 children were included in the analysis, of which 3,082 (49%) were females. At birth, 3,823 (61%) children were living in rural areas and about one-sixth of the children were living in households located far from a health facility (≥5km). The overall uptake of RV and PCV vaccines among children aged 12 months or below was 50% and 37% respectively. Infants who ever migrated outside the DSA had reduced odds of complete RV and PCV vaccination compared to infants who did not out migrate (adjusted OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.41-0.57) and (adjusted OR=0.52, 95% CI 0.43-0.63) respectively. Complete uptake of RV was associated with the increase in education levels of mothers compared secondary education (adjusted OR=1.70, 95 % CI 1.02-2.34) or tertiary education (adjusted OR=1.80, 95 % CI 0.97-2.44). Infants whose mothers were employed were less likely than infants whose mothers were not employed to have complete vaccination for RV or PCV (adjusted OR=0.71, 95 % CI 0.60-0.84) and (adjusted OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.96) respectively. Similarly, infants whose mothers were resident in the DSA were more likely than infants whose mothers were not resident to have complete vaccination for RV or PCV (adjusted OR=1.97, 95 % CI 1.49-2.60) and (adjusted OR=1.55, 95% CI 1.16-2.08) respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The uptake of complete RV and PCV were generally low among children in rural South Africa within our study period. Child outmigration, maternal employment, maternal education and maternal residency in the DSA at child birth were associated with complete uptake of RV and PCV vaccines. Programmes targeting mothers of lower socio-economic status are required. Such programmes may include vaccine awareness and immunization campaigns at the community level to improve vaccine uptake and more targeted interventions in areas with low RV and PCV uptake.

by Au Yuk Sin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-113). / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / What is AIDS? --- p.1 / Situation in the World --- p.2 / Situation in Asia --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The AIDS Situation in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Historical Development of the AIDS Programme in Hong Kong --- p.8 / The Hong Kong AIDS Campaign (1987-1994) / Problem Definition Phase --- p.10 / Implementation Phase / Objectives --- p.11 / Targets --- p.12 / Channels --- p.12 / Media Package --- p.15 / Budget --- p.15 / Timing --- p.16 / Evaluation Phase / Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) / The Hong Kong AIDS Foundation --- p.16 / AIDS Concern / Hong Kong Ten Percent Club --- p.17 / The Horizons --- p.17 / The AIDS Trust Fund --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Theoretical Framework / Revised Protection Motivation Theory --- p.19 / Information / Persuasion Model --- p.22 / Review of Relevant Research Findings on Protection Motivation Theory --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Literature Review / Global Research on AIDS / Positive Results --- p.27 / Mixed Results --- p.28 / Minimal Effects --- p.30 / Evaluation of Research Findings --- p.31 / Local Research on AIDS / CNTA Survey (Wave II)(May 1987) --- p.32 / CNTA Survey (Wave III)(March 1988) --- p.32 / KABP Study (February 1992) --- p.33 / HKIPM Survey (February 1992) --- p.34 / Survey on the Effectiveness of the APIs on AIDS (November 1992) --- p.35 / Evaluation of the School Education Programmes on AIDS (September-December 1993) --- p.36 / Evaluation of Local Research --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Methodology / Design --- p.38 / Sample --- p.40 / Hypotheses --- p.41 / Measurement --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Findings --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.73 / Appendix 1 Tables --- p.77 / Appendix 2 Organisational Structure of Hong Kong's AIDS Programme1994 --- p.83 / Appendix 3 (a) Questionnaire (English) --- p.84 / Appendix 3 (b) Questionnaire (Chinese) --- p.92 / Appendix 4 Field Report --- p.99 / Bibliography --- p.100

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg 2012. / Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common bacterial oral infections in humans. Prevention and treatment of these infections are oral hygiene measures including antimicrobial compounds which can be chemical agents or natural products. Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia is an indigenous South African plant that has antibacterial, antiviral and anticandida properties. This study investigated the antibacterial and antivirulence effect of D. viscosa var. angustifolia on cariogenic bacteria and the causative organisms of periodontal diseases.

Wong, Ying Suet. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-131). / In English with some Chinese and Japanese; abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.3 / Literature Review --- p.7 / Structure --- p.10 / Notes on Sources --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Venereal Disease Policies in the Metropole and Their Colonies --- p.15 / The Case of Britain --- p.16 / VD Policy in the Metropole: The case of Britain --- p.16 / VD Policy in the Colonies: The Case of Colonies under Britain --- p.23 / The Case of Japan with Reference of Britain as the Pioneer Policy Maker --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Venereal Disease control in the Metropole --- p.31 / Legislation --- p.32 / Institutions --- p.44 / Education and Social Discussion --- p.49 / Resistance --- p.55 / VD control in the Japanese Military Force --- p.60 / Summary --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Venereal Disease Control in Colonial Taiwan --- p.70 / Legislation --- p.72 / Licensed prostitution system --- p.72 / The VD Prevention Law --- p.79 / Education and Social Discussion --- p.84 / Before the VD Prevention Law in Japan in 1927 --- p.84 / Education and Public Discussion of VD after the promulgation of the VD Prevention Law in 1927 --- p.90 / The Changing Discourse of VD --- p.95 / Summary --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- "Sex, Gender, Class, Race and Colonialism" --- p.101 / Taiwanese Women´ةs image: Scapegoating --- p.101 / Medical Development: State Medicine and Local Elites --- p.106 / VD Control in the Military in Taiwan --- p.109 / Summary --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Bibliography --- p.120

Lu, Zengbing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-217). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Cheng, Suosuo. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-173). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts aslo in English.

Wang, Zixin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-223). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese.

跌倒和肌肉減少症是威脅老年人身體健康和生命安全的兩個重要問題。肌肉減少症所致的肌肉力量減弱和平衡能力下降是導致老年人跌倒的最主要原因。老年人跌倒最普遍和最嚴重的後果是脆性骨折。跌倒所致的脆性骨折是常見老年病，同時也是導致老年人生活品質下降和死亡的最主要原因之一。高頻低幅振動(LMHFV)是一種非侵入性生物物理干預手段，通過給予全身物理震動刺激，可有效提高肌肉功能和改善骨質。由此推測高頻低幅振動治療有望應用於預防跌倒/骨折及延緩肌肉減少。 / 本研究的目的在於，採用臨床隨機對照研究方法，通過對社區老年人進行高頻低幅振動治療，探索高頻低幅振動治療在預防跌倒/骨折、降低骨折發生率以及延緩肌肉量下降的作用。本研究假設高頻低幅振動治療可有效提高肌肉力量和改善骨質，從而降低骨折風險、跌倒率以及骨折發生率。本研究將分成兩部分進行以驗證此假說。 / 第一部分研究中，710名60歲或以上的社區老年人按社區中心為單位隨機分成振動治療組和對照組。振動治療組給予35Hz，0.3g的振動治療，並以每天20分鐘，每週5 天，持續18 個月；對照組則如常生活而不予振動治療。18個月治療過程中，振動治療組的跌倒率低於對照組46% (p=0.001)。同時，治療組的在平衡力測試中的反應時間、移動速度，和最遠移動距離也都有明顯改善 (所有指標 p<0.001）。在高頻低幅振動治療停止一年後，振動治療組的主導腿和非主導腿肌肉力量仍高於接受振動治療前 (p=0.029, p=0.002)。在平衡力測試中，治療組的反應時間、移動速度以及最遠移動距離也明顯優於對照組 (p=0.001，p=0.014，p=0.007)。在停止治療的一年期間，兩組受試者的肌肉力量，平衡能力以及生活品質均有下降的趨勢，但兩組的下降率並無明顯的差異。 / 第二部分的設計是基於第一部分的研究成果，目的在於更深入研究高頻低幅振動治療對肌肉功能、肌肉量以及肌肉質素的影響。60名社區老人隨機分成對照組和振動治療組。振動治療組給予35Hz，0.3g的高頻低幅振動治療，並以每天20分鐘，每週5天，持續9個月; 對照組則如常生活而不予振動治療。9個月後，治療組的主導腿和非主導腿的肌肉力量明顯高於對照組 (p<0.001，p=0.003)。在用以評估肌肉力量以及平衡力的計時起立坐下測試中，振動治療組用以完成連串起立及坐下動作的時間明顯低於對照組 (p=0.009)。振動治療組的下肢功能尺度問卷評估結果也明顯優於對照組 (p=0.002)。雖然兩組間的身體成份及肌電圖測試結果並無明顯差異，但治療組的肌肉量和肌電圖平均頻率均有上升的趨勢。而且，在兩部分實驗中，受試者對高頻低幅振動治療均有良好的耐受性，目前並沒有發現對受試者身體產生不利影響。因此，高頻低幅振動治療可安全地應用於社區老年人。 / 總括而言研究結果證明高頻低幅振動治療可明顯降低老年人跌倒發生率。9至18個月的振動治療可明顯改善老年人下肢功能和平衡力。在完成為期18個月高頻低幅振動治療後的1年，肌肉功能仍高於對照組，表明高頻低幅振動治療具有長期療效。因此，高頻低幅振動治療應在社區推廣作為老年人跌倒的預防方案之一。 / Fall and sarcopenia are two major problems among elderly. Poor muscle strength and balancing ability resulted from sarcopenia are the major causes of fall incidences. Fragility fracture is one of the most common and serious consequences of falls, which accounts for most of the deaths, as well as morbidity and poor quality of life. Low magnitude high frequency vibration (LMHFV) treatment is a non-invasive biophysical modality to provide a whole-body mechanical stimulation, which was previously shown to improve muscle performance and bone quality implying the potential application for fall/fracture prevention and reducing muscle loss. / The objectives of this study were to conduct prospective randomized controlled clinical trials to investigate the effect of LMHFV treatment on fall/fracture prevention, fracture risks and muscle loss among community elderly. It was hypothesized that LMHFV treatment could enhance muscle performance and bone quality, thus reducing the fracture risks, fall incidence and fracture rate. Two parts of studies were designed to testify the hypotheses. / In the Part I study, a total of 710 community elderly who were aged 60 years or above were recruited and randomized into vibration or control group on center-basis. The subjects in vibration group received LMHFV treatment (35Hz, 0.3g) 20min/day and 5days/week for 18 months, while control group remained sedentary. During the 18-month study period, the vibration group had reported 46% lower fall incidence rate when compared with control group (p=0.001). Significant improvements were found in reaction time, movement velocity and maximum excursion of balancing ability assessment, and also the quadriceps muscle strength (p<0.001 to all). After ceasing the LMHFV for 1 year, the muscle strength of dominant and non-dominant legs in vibration group were still significantly better than the baseline assessed before intervention (p=0.029 and 0.002 respectively), as compared with the control. In balancing ability test, the reaction time, movement velocity and maximum excursion of vibration group also remained significantly improved, as compared with the control group (p=0.001, 0.014 and 0.007 respectively). During the 1 year post-intervention period, both groups had shown a decreasing trend of muscle strength, balancing ability and quality of life but the rate of changes were not significantly different between two groups. / With reference to the results of Part I study, the Part II study was designed to investigate further the effects of LMHFV on muscle performance, mass and quality. 60 community elderly were recruited and randomized into either vibration or control group. Vibration group subjects received LMHFV treatment (35Hz, 0.3g) 20min/day, 5days/week for 9 months, while control group remained sedentary. Significant enhancement of dominant and non-dominant leg muscle strength was observed in the vibration group after 9 months LMHFV (p<0.001 and =0.003 respectively). In the chair rising test assessing muscle power and balancing ability, vibration group showed significantly shorter time needed for sit-to-stand cycles than the control (p=0.009). Significant increase of the lower extremity functional scale was also observed in the vibration group (p=0.002). No significant findings were found in the body composition and vibromyography (VMG) assessment, however, a trend of increasing lean mass and VMG mean frequency were observed. Also, minimal adverse effects were documented in both parts of study; all subjects were well-tolerated for LMHFV treatment. LMHFV is therefore safe and applicable to elderly in the community setting. / LMHFV was demonstrated to reduce fall incidences significantly. Significant effects on improving lower limbs function and balancing ability were observed as early as 9 months after treatment. Enhancement of muscle performance still remained significant 1 year after completion of 18-month LMHFV treatment, indicating strong residual effects of LMHFV. Use of LMHFV in the community as an effective fall prevention program is recommended. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Chi Yu. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-167). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Tong, Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-78). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Conferences & Academic Awards --- p.ii / Table of contents --- p.iii / List of figures --- p.vii / List of tables --- p.viii / List of abbreviations --- p.ix / Abstract --- p.x / Abstract (Chinese) / Chapter Chapter I --- Background of diabetes mellitus and DM complicating pregnancy …… --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definitions and clinical manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Diagnostic criteria of DM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Classification of DM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.4 --- Prevalence of DM --- p.2 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aetiology and Pathogenesis of DM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.6 --- Treatment of DM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.7 --- Complications of DM --- p.4 / Chapter 1.8 --- DM complicating pregnancy --- p.4 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Implications of DM complicating pregnancy --- p.4 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Diabetic Embryopathy --- p.5 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- Incidences of the major congenital anomalies --- p.5 / Chapter 1.8.4 --- Possible pathogenesis of congenital anomalies in DM complicating pregnancy --- p.6 / Chapter 1.8.4.1 --- Apoptosis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.8.4.2 --- Oxidative stress --- p.7 / Chapter 1.8.4.3 --- Arachidonic acid and PGE2 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.8.5 --- Clinical management of DM complicating pregnancy --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8.5.1 --- Pre-pregnancy care --- p.8 / Chapter 1.8.5.2 --- Antenatal management of DM complicating pregnancy --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter II --- Background of Traditional Chinese Medicine in treatment of DM --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition and manifestations of DM in TCM theory --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Historical context of DM in TCM --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (770 B.C.一8 A.D.): The first nomenclature of ""Wasting Thirst""" --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Han Dynasty (9 A.D.-280 A.D.)： monograph on ""Wasting Thirst""" --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Sui and Tang Dynasty (581 A.D.-960 A.D.)： the diagnosing marker of ""Wasting Thirst""" --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Song Dynasty (960 A.D.-1270 A.D.): the Golden Time of developing the treatment on DM --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Ming and Qing Dynasty (1270 A.D. - 1911 A.D.): the integration period of TCM theory on DM --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Aetiology of DM in TCM theory --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Congenital weakness --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Improper diet --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Emotional disorders and overstrain --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Excessive sexual activities --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Pathogenesis of DM in TCM theory --- p.17 / Chapter 2.5 --- Prognosis of DM in TCM theory --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- """Dual Qi-Yin Deficiency"" and ""Dual Yin-Yang Deficiency""" --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- "Multi-systemic malfunction of ""Zang Fu""" --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6 --- Principle of treatment --- p.20 / Chapter 2.7 --- Commonly used herbal remedies and recent experimental studies --- p.20 / Chapter 2.8 --- TCM on relieving DM complications --- p.21 / Chapter 2.9 --- "Dwarf Lilyturf Tuber (Ophiopogonis Radix, Mai Dong,麥冬）" --- p.21 / Chapter 2.10 --- Objectives and hypothesis --- p.22 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Objectives --- p.22 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Hypotheses --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter III --- Methodology and Results --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Set up of mouse embryos --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Mouse strain --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Research animal ethnics and care guidelines --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Mouse sacrifice and embryo dissection --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Grouping of embryos --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Preparations of D-glucose --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- Chinese medicine quality controls and preparations --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4 --- Whole mouse embryo culture --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5 --- Morphological scoring on mouse embryos and statistical analysis --- p.27 / Chapter 3.6 --- Establishment of cranial NTD by D-glucose --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Dosage of D-glucose to induce cranial NTD --- p.29 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Result --- p.30 / Chapter 3.7 --- Experimental designs --- p.31 / Chapter 3.8 --- Part I: Efficacy and dose-response effects of Maidong extract --- p.32 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Safety dose of Maidong extract on non-diabetic mouse embryos --- p.32 / Chapter 3.8.1.1 --- Dosage --- p.32 / Chapter 3.8.1.2 --- Result --- p.35 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Efficacy and dose-effect response of Maidong extract on non-diabetic mouse embryos --- p.36 / Chapter 3.8.2.1 --- Dosage and grouping --- p.37 / Chapter 3.8.2.2 --- Result --- p.38 / Chapter 3.9 --- Part II: Efficacy and dose-response effects of serum from Maidong extract-treated rat serum --- p.40 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Preparation of Maidong treated non-diabetic full rat serum --- p.41 / Chapter 3.9.1.1 --- Rats --- p.41 / Chapter 3.9.1.2 --- Dosage for feeding --- p.41 / Chapter 3.9.1.3 --- Administration --- p.42 / Chapter 3.9.1.4 --- Termination of rats and preparation of rat serum --- p.42 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Safety dose of Maidong treated non-diabetic full rat serum non-diabetic mouse embryos --- p.43 / Chapter 3.9.2.1 --- Dosage --- p.43 / Chapter 3.9.2.2 --- Result --- p.44 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Protective Effect of Maidong extract-treated full rat serum --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9.3.1 --- Dosage and grouping --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9.3.2 --- Result --- p.47 / Chapter 3.10 --- "Part III: Efficacy and dose-response effects of Ophiopogonin D, a major chemical component of Maidong in preventing hyperglycemia-induced cranial neural tube defect" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Safety dose of Ophiopogonin D --- p.50 / Chapter 3.10.1.1 --- Preparation of Ophiopogonin D --- p.50 / Chapter 3.10.1.2 --- Dosage --- p.50 / Chapter 3.10.1.3 --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Efficacy and dose-response effects of Ophiopogonin D --- p.53 / Chapter 3.10.2.1 --- Dosage and grouping --- p.53 / Chapter 3.10.2.2 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter IV --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1 --- Whole embryo culture system --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Quality control of Maidong extract --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Therapeutic effect of single herb, formula and chemical components" --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- Dosage of D-glucose to induce cranial NTD --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5 --- Dosage and efficacy of Maidong extract and Ophiopogonin D --- p.60 / Chapter 4.6 --- Administration of Maidong extract to non-diabetic female rats --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter V --- Conclusions --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter VI --- Future Study --- p.64 / References --- p.66