There are two broad areas of prisoner rights law that require development. The first area is that of the development of a common law framework with which to analyse disputes regarding the rights of prisoners. The second relates to the significant tension that exists between the conditions of detention that the Correctional Services Act envisages and the actual conditions of detention in South Africa prisons. This second aspect requires that a mechanism be created for the meaningful exercise of rights by prisoners. As a precursor to both of the above discussions it is necessary to understand the history of prisons and the intentions of those who designed this form of punishment. As will be illustrated there tends to be to-and-fro shift in intention on the part of the authorities between those who intend imprisonment as a humane form of punishment which seeks to reform the offender and the subsequent despair of that project of reformation with a resultant focus on security and mere detention of the offender. It is also a history of conditions of detention that are generally inhumane. These poor conditions are sometimes caused by neglect on the part of the authorities but ofttimes caused by the belief that harsh conditions of detention are a deterrent to wouldbe offenders. The advent of human rights law has placed an increasingly more onerous responsibility on the state to care for the well-being of prisoners whilst in custody. This duty includes, but is not limited to, the duty to care for the prisoner’s mental and physical health, ensure that they are safe from physical violence both from fellow prisoners and staff as well as a duty to ensure that they receive the necessities of life. Various failures by the state have led to increased litigation against the state. This will continue to create an ever increasing burden on the state as the number of long term prisoners increase and damages awards are made by the courts, in favour of prisoners, against the state for various reasons. These reasons include diseases contracted by prisoners whilst in custody and constitutional damages following death in custody. It is therefore necessary to develop a clear framework with which to analyse such disputes so that decisions are made which are consistent with the principles of South African law. It is this framework which this study seeks to develop. In order to do this the relevant principles of both international prison law as well as South African law will be drawn upon. In this regard the importance of the purposes of punishment will be emphasized when engaging upon an analysis of the limitations of the rights of a person in the context of prison law. Secondly, even though a sound framework may be developed with which to analyse prisoner rights there is still the difficulty of putting a system into operation which provides a mechanism through which prisoners can exercise those rights in a meaningful way. In order to create such a system there must be recognition of the impact of criminogenic conditions of imprisonment, the purposes of punishment and the values of the South African constitution. In this regard the principles of reductionism and restorative justice are considered. Furthermore, the role of special masters will be debated and amendments to the existing legislation will be proposed.

This is an examination of the social structure of a women's prison. The prison has five primary tasks: custody, internal order, self-maintenance, punishment and reformation. Verbal priority is given to reformation, but custody and internal order take precedence in actual practice. Matrons prefer to play their roles in different ways. Those who subscribe to a habit-forming philosophy of reformation prefer working on the morning shift. Their views and practices are in harmony with the requirements of custody. Those who subscribe to a basic-change philosophy prefer the more relaxed and permissive atmosphere of the afternoon shift. Their views and practices are frequently in conflict with the requirements of custody. And structural pressure tends to force these matrons to become more custodial over time. In exchange for obedience and conformity in some spheres the matrons agree not to tamper with the attitudes and values of the inmates. This bargain for compliance seems essential given the present social structure of the prison. The inmates suffer from the deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, security and, at the Women's Unit, privacy. The addicts and "rounders" adopt cohesive modes of response to these deprivations. "Squealers", "hack lovers" and "part players" adopt alienative modes of response. The inmates differ by groups in their characteristic responses to official oppression. The younger addict groups rebel habitually, the older groups conform overtly but do not change their basic values. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Includes bibliographical references. / Misdaad is een van Suid-Afrika se grootste enkele maatskaplike vraagstukke - een wat groot sosiale, ekonomiese, en politieke implikasies inhou. Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika is sover bekend, die land met die hoogste gevangenisbevolking per 100 000 lede van die bevolking ter wereld. As gevolg van die hoe daaglikse gevangenisbevolking verduur ons dikwels heftige kritiek van die Internasionale gemeenskap en loop ons die gevaar om internasionaal verder geisoleer te word as gevolg van die swak beeld wat ons hoe gevangenisbevolking skep. Die doeltreffende hantering van die misdaadvraagstuk is alleen moontlik indien daar samewerking bestaan tussen die staat en die gemeenskap. Ongelukkig het 'n gees van geheimhouding in verband met aspekte van misdaad (byvoorbeeld ons gevangenisadministrasie) bygedra tot 'n onbetrokkenheid van ons gemeenskap by die rehabilitasie van oortreders. Die gees van die moderne rehabilitasie-filosofie le daarin opgesluit dat oortreders (sover prakties moontlik) binne gemeenskapsverband gerehabiliteer moet word, aangesien gevangenisstraf as strafmaatreel in sy doel gefaal het. Die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe tot gevangenisstraf in die meeste Westerse lande is grootliks die resultaat van navorsing oor die effektiwiteit van gevangenisstraf. Die gevangenisowerhede in die lande is in die algemeen ook aktief betrokke by die beplanning van gemeenskapsgerigte rehabilitasieprogramme vir oortreders. Wat Suid-Afrika betref is daar nog feitlik geen navorsing gedoen oor die effektiwiteit van gevangenisstraf nie. Kritiek op ons gevangenisstelsel berus dus dikwels op populere opvattings. Die gevangenisowerhede moet dikwels heftige kritiek verduur wat dalk ongegrond mag wees. Sekere strafhervormers het in die verlede ons gevangenisstelsel soms vir politieke gewin aangeval, met die gevolg dat ons gevangenisstelsel al hoe meer geisoleerd begin raak het van die gemeenskap, wat dit veronderstel is om te bedien. Die vraag kan tereg gevra word of ons gevangenisstelsel nie die speelbal is van politici, wat eie gewin nastreef nie. Sekere radikale elemente strewe na die omverwerping van wet en orde, waarvan die gevangenis 'n onontbeerlike deel uitmaak. Daarenteen is dit ongelukkig so dat daar ander politici is, wat leemtes in ons strafregstelsel en gevangenisstelsel wil toesmeer. Die gevolg is dat die noodsaaklikheid van strafhervorming nie behoorlik besef word nie. Strafhervorming is alleenlik moontlik indien leemtes in die Strafregstelsel geidentifiseer word en aan die gemeenskap bekend gestel word, sodat die gemeenskap betrokke kan raak by die proses van strafhervorming. Vonnisse van gemeenskapsdiens, wat impliseer dat oortreders die een of ander vorm van gratis diens tot voordeel van die gemeenskap lewer, is n ideale manier om gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid te bewerkstellig. Hoewel die tipe vonnisse nie ''n kitsoplossing is vir die misdaadvraagstuk nie, kan dit gebruik word om sekere oortreders uit die gevangenis te hou. In die ondersoek poog ondersoeker om 'n beskeie bydrae te lewer tot ons tergende misdaadvraagstuk. Die navorsingsonderwerp handel eerstens oor die beginsels van vonnisoplegging en 'n teoretiese bespreking oor die doel en waarde van gevangenisstraf. Aangesien die primere doel van die studie is om aanbevelings te maak oor gemeenskapsdiensvonnise as 'n alternatief tot gevangenisstraf in Suid-Afrika word in hoofstuk 4 en 5 gepoog om die waarde van gevangenisstraf in Suid-Afrika te evalueer deur middel van teoretiese en praktiese navorsing. Ten einde riglyne te bepaal vir die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse word in hoofstuk 6 en 7 'n bespreking gegee van die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse in Engeland, Wallis en die Verenigde State van Amerika. Een van die belangrikste dele van die studie is hoofstuk 8 waar 'n eksperimentele projek om 'n gemeenskapsdiensstelsel in Kaapstad te loods bespreek word. In die slot hoofstuk word aanbevelings gemaak met betrekking tot die toepassing van gemeenskapsdiensvonnisse in Suid-Afrika.

The purpose of this thesis is to present a general history of Utah State Prison in order that a record of that institution may be preserved. This phase of Utah history has long been neglected. It is hoped that a contribution has also been made to a better understanding of Utah's penal system.The present penal system in use in the state of Utah had its beginning with the early Mormon settlements in Salt Lake Valley in 1847. The first laws and judicial bodies of the Mormons were very closely tied to their religious beliefs. The handling of criminals was entirely a religious responsibility, often involving fines, restitution and corporal punishment. Governmental jails and prisons came very gradually.

Yes / Informal prisoner governance in Latin American penal institutions raises a number of dilemmas for policy. The responses must encompass decarceration and diversion policies, and an approach to prison security that emphasises co-production and co-governance rather than coercive control.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / On January 9, 1821, the Indiana General Assembly passed a bill authorizing the construction of the state’s first prison. Within a century, Indiana’s prison system would transform from a small structure in Jeffersonville holding less than twenty inmates into a multi-institutional network holding thousands. Within that transition, ideas concerning the treatment of criminals shifted significantly from a penology focused on punishment, hard labor, and low cost, to a one based on social science, skill-building, education, and public funding. These new ideas were not always sound, however, and often the implementation of those ideas was either distorted or incomplete. In any case, by the second decade of the twentieth century, Indiana’s prisons had developed into the large, organized, highly-regulated—yet very imperfect—system that it is today. This study focuses on the most intense period of organization and reform during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 M35 / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / History / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

No description available.