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At the core of this exploratory research project, which sets out to examine community supervision of men convicted of sexual offences, is the introduction and development of a new model; the Sex Offender Risk Management Approach (SORMA). Essentially, SORMA describes a system of multi-agency risk management of sexual offenders in the community, and in so doing, utilizes the most convincing, comprehensive and influential research, models and theories that contribute to current thinking about control and treatment of sex offenders. In this concerted attempt to develop, through research, a model which harnesses the established value of credible and valid methods of intervention, the reader will recognise elements originating from key strands of celebrated work. SORMA is not, however, a simple re-arrangement of these existing contributing components. Vital as they are, they undergo critical analysis and are challenged, at times with considerable rigour to identify evidence to support existing claims of efficacy. SORMA does not add further conjecture to the existing and, some may say, complacent quasi-therapeutic treatment orthodoxy; rather, it disturbs it, to provide a reconsideration of the aims and purpose of the work, finding a broader context in which to examine these existing intervention strategies. The political and professional values that underpin this work are considered as are the ethical boundaries of probation supervision. SORMA involves seven key components and each of these is explored in this work. The development of this model and the testing of it are detailed in the subsequent chapters. I will say no more about it at this point other than to invite the reader to consider these components together in their condensed form, for an oversight at this point will help to project the critical elements used to compose this research and fashion the outcomes. SORMA is: 1) Unambiguously concerned with Social Control 2) Clinical Treatment and Therapy 3) Situational Crime Prevention 4) Actuarial Risk Assessment and Management 5) Surveillance 6) Multi-Agency Collaboration 7) Maximisation of Legislative Authority. These components are examined in Chapters 1-3 where they withstand analysis to provide the foundation for SORMA. This is presented as layered discussion guiding the reader through each separate area, whilst constructing the framework of the model itself. In the subsequent chapters, SORMA is fashioned, applied and discussed. Appearing as it does in the final chapter SORMA, as a processual model, becomes a practice utility ripe for implementation and further development.

This study focuses on the probation service and the changes that are impacting on this part of the criminal justice system. It develops a theoretically distinctive approach, drawing on the literature of gender and organisations, in order to investigate issues relating to the organisational structures and processes experienced by male and female probation officers in three disparate probation areas in England. The opening two chapters examine the development of the organisation in terms of the hierarchical roles within the service and the gendered distribution of probation officer staff across the various grades. This review provides a unique understanding of the changing composition of the probation service and enables a gendered perspective to be applied to its history. Within this context issues of professional identity and autonomy, the value base and working practices of probation officers, and the shift from local to centralised control are scrutinised from an analytic position which identifies the embeddedness of gender within this organisational setting. The framework of a reflexive approach interweaves gendered issues from the quantitative findings with qualitative responses from interviews with male and female probation officers and participant observation within different working environments. New perspectives are gained on the shift from local to Home Office direction of the service, and into the abandonment of the social work qualification and ethos. Moreover, the complexities of working relationships and professional identities are opened up from a gendered viewpoint. In this respect the study addresses the absence of gender within other research in this area and concludes that a gendered analysis is of critical importance in understanding the extent of organisational change within the probation service.

La prison de la Conciergerie occupe une place particulière dans le paysage pénitentiaire parisien du XVIIe siècle. Elle accueille de nombreux prisonniers pour dette, les prisonniers jugés en première instance par l’une des juridictions siégeant dans Palais de la Cité, dont elle occupe les bâtiments, mais aussi et surtout les prisonniers en appel devant le parlement de Paris. A partir de l’analyse de parcours individuels de prisonniers et de personnels de la Conciergerie (les dynasties de concierges Regnoust et Dumont), reconstitués grâce aux archives criminelles et notariales, la thèse porte sur les relations sociales et les comportements au sein de la prison. Après une première partie consacrée à un état des lieux de la Conciergerie au début du XVIIe siècle, la deuxième partie met en avant les particularités de sa société carcérale : moins séparée du monde extérieur que les prisons actuelles, elle reproduit à petite échelle la société parisienne. Plutôt que sur une distinction rigoureuse entre hommes et femmes et entre catégories criminelles, son organisation est fondée sur la position sociale et la richesse. Les prisonniers régulent eux-mêmes leurs conflits, le plus souvent sans faire appel au personnel. Quant à l’univers socio-professionnel des gardiens, il ressemble beaucoup à celui des métiers parisiens par les relations à la fois solidaires et hiérarchisées entre le concierge et ses guichetiers et morgeurs. La troisième partie porte sur « l’aventure de l’évasion », révélatrice de l’importance du contexte social et culturel dans la décision, la préparation et l’exécution d’une telle entreprise. / The prison of the Conciergerie occupied a special place in the Paris prison landscape of the seventeenth century. It hosted many prisoners for debt, prisoners tried in first instance by one of the courts sitting in the Palais de Justice, which occupied the buildings, but also and above all the prisoners appealed to the parliament of Paris. From the analysis of individual pathways both of prisoners and staff of the Conciergerie (dynasties of chief jailers Regnoust and Dumont) and reconstituted from criminal and notarial archives, the thesis focuses on social relationships and behavior within the prison. After a first part dedicated to an overview of the Conciergerie in the early seventeenth century, the second part highlights the peculiarities of this prison society: less separated from the outside world that the current prison, it played small-scale Parisian society. Rather than on a rigorous distinction between men and women and between criminal groups, the organization was based on social status and wealth. Prisoners regulated their own conflicts, often without involving staff. As for the socio-professional world of guards, it resembled that of the Parisian business relations, involving both solidarity and hierarchy between the jailers. The third part focuses on "the adventure of escape", revealing the importance of social and cultural context in the decision, preparation and execution of such an undertaking.