Ett av fem spädbarn drabbas av kolik under första tre levnadsmånaderna. I övrigt friska spädbarn skriker, gråter och är otröstbara minst tre timmar i sträck per dag mer än tre dagar i veckan. Trots att kolik är ett vanligt förekommande problem för både spädbarn och föräldrar finns det idag ingen effektiv behandling. Etiologin är oklar men rökning och mental ohälsa hos modern prepartum, födoämnesallergi och ett outvecklat magtarmsystem hos spädbarnet tros vara några bidragande faktorer. Denna litteraturstudie granskar åtta artiklar för att dels undersöka skillnaderna i tarmfloran mellan spädbarn med och utan kolik, om skillnaderna kan förklara kolik samt probiotikas effekt vid kolik. Granskade studier visar att förekomsten av Proteobacteria, koliforma bakterier och Escherichia coli är högre hos spädbarn med kolik. Till skillnad från spädbarn utan kolik uppvisar kolikbarn en mindre bakteriell mångfald, mindre kolonisation av Bacteroidetes och de gynnsamma bakteriesläkterna Lactobacillus och Bifidobacterium. Hos ammade kolikbarn som behandlades med den probiotiska bakteriestammen Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 erhölls i två av tre studier  god effekt av probiotika utan några biverkningar där gråttiden reducerats till mer än hälften. Resultatet varierar geografiskt och evidensen kring probiotikas effekt hos flaskmatade spädbarn med kolik är fortfarande bristfällig. Det är oklart om en förändrad tarmflora kan orsaka kolik eller är ett resultat av koliken då tarmfloran är mycket komplex och fler studier inom området behövs. / One out of five infants suffer from colic during the first three months of life. Otherwise healthy infants suffer from severe crying and are unable to be comforted during at least three consecutive hours per day for more than three days a week. Although colic is a common problem for both babies and parents, there is currently no effective treatment. The etiology is unclear, but smoking and  prepartum maternal mental illness, allergies to foods and an undeveloped gastrointestinal system in infants are believed to be contributing factors. This study reviews eight articles that examine the differences in intestinal flora between infants with and without colic, to see if the differences can explain colic and probiotic effect in colicky infants. Reviewed studies show that the prevalence of Proteobacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli is higher in infants with colic. Unlike infants without colic, colicky infants exhibit a minor bacterial diversity, reduced colonization of Bacteroidetes and the beneficial bacterial genus of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Breastfed colicky infants treated with the probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938, obtained, in two out of three studies, a positive effect on colic symtoms without any side effects, where the crying time was reduced to less than half. Results vary geographically and evidence for a probiotic effect on bottle-fed infants with colic is still inadequate. It remains unclear whether an altered intestinal flora can cause colic or is a result of colic as the intestinal flora is very complex and more studies are needed in this area.

No description available.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 roselino_mn_me_arafcf.pdf: 540685 bytes, checksum: 986926f9460c0c09aaf8db6dd51572ca (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos do simbiótico fermentado com Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 e Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416, à base de extratos de soja e de yacon produzidos em ratos com Diabetes mellitus, cuja indução foi feita quimicamente pela administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (50mg/kg de peso corporal). Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (n=10): I - animais não diabéticos que receberam somente ração (controle negativo); II - animais diabéticos que receberam somente ração (controle positivo); III – animais diabéticos que receberam ração + dose de 1 mL/Kg de peso corpóreo/dia do produto não fermentado a base de soja e yacon; IV – animais diabéticos que receberam ração + dose de 1 mL/Kg de peso corpóreo/dia do produto fermentado a base de soja e yacon. No produto em estudo foram quantificadas a viabilidade dos microrganismos probióticos e a concentração dos frutanos (FOS e inulina). O período experimental foi de 59 dias e os parâmetros avaliados foram: peso corpóreo dos animais, ingestão hídrica e alimentar, Coeficiente de Eficácia Alimentar (CEA), glicemia, enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT), triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, nHDL-C, gorduras epididimal e retoperitonial, músculos sóleo e extensor longo dos dedos, cortes histológicos de fígado, pâncreas e rim e, análise de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo, TBARS (substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico) e DPPH (2,2 - difenil-1-picril de hidrazila). Não foi observada diferença entre os grupos que receberam os produtos não fermentado e fermentado quando comparado com o grupo de diabéticos que não recebeu tratamento, para consumo de água, ração e peso corporal. O mesmo foi observado para os parâmetros bioquímicos, exceto... / This study evaluated the hypoglycemic effects of synbiotic fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus ssp jugurti 416, based on soymilk and yacon produced in rats with Diabetes mellitus, whose induction was done chemically by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). The rats were divided into four groups (n=10): I – non diabetic animals that received only chow diet (negative control), II – diabetic animals that received only chow diet (positive control), III – diabetic animals that received chow diet + 1mL/kg body weight/day of unfermented product of soybean and yacon, IV – diabetic rats that received chow diet + 1mL/kg body weight/day of fermented product of soybean and yacon extracts. In the product under study were quantification viability of microorganisms of the probiotic and the concentration of fructans (inulin and FOS). The experiment was carried out for 59 days and the parameters were evaluated: body weight of animals, feed and water intake, Food Efficiency Ratio (FER), glucose, enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-C nHDL, epididymal and retoperitonial white adipose tissue, soleus and extensor digitorum longus and tissues liver, kidney and pancreas, and analysis of biomarkers of oxidative stress, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and DPPH (2,2 - diphenyl-1-picryl of hidrazila). No difference was observed between the groups that received unfermented and fermented products when compared to the diabetic group that not received treatment, for drinking water, feed intake and body weight. The same was observed for the biochemical parameters, except for fractions HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. With respect to biomarkers there was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The resident microbes of human gastrointestinal tract cause both harmful and beneficial effects and these effects can be modulated by the administration of beneficial probiotic bacteria. Probiotics attribute several therapeutic and preventive beneficial effects, for both humans and animals. Despite the good effects of probiotic bacteria, the role of probiotic bacteria or their metabolites on the nutrient uptake by enterocytes is very less known. Most studies describe the genomic effects of probiotic bacteria on the transport properties. This thesis describes the short term (10 min or less) non-genomic effects of probiotic bacteria on the glucose uptake by human enterocytes like Caco-2 cells. The focus of the present study was to identify if metabolites of Lactobacilli sp. trigger a rapid non genomic regulation of glucose transporter proteins of enterocytes. The findings indicate that the regulatory molecules of bacterial metabolites can cause a rapid increase in glucose uptake by enterocytes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rhodes University, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 2, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-206).

No description available.

Probiotics and prebiotics are emerging household terms, whose claimed health benefits share commonality. Their attributed health benefits include the production or induction of short chain fatty acids, maintaining bowel function, building colonization resistance (against pathogens) and treating antibiotic-associated diarrhea as well as colitis. Although both probiotic and prebiotic effects on immune system have been studied, the mechanisms of their activity are still not clearly defined and the conclusions drawn are elusive. While probiotics can act to influence the host at the cellular level, prebiotics, by definition, exert their effects indirectly through their impact on gut microbes. One purpose of this study was to investigate effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 on innate immune parameters at the intestinal epithelial cell level, examining effects on both human and rat IEC. A second purpose was to define the effects of a range of prebiotic dietary fibres on the immune system at the mucosal and systemic level, using Biobreeding rats. L. rhamnosus demonstrated the ability to decrease proinflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor agonist-induced IL-8 and CINC-1 production from human and rat IEC, respectively. The timing of L. rhamnosus R0011 addition to HT-29 IEC, relative to proinflammatory challenge, influenced its ability to decrease IL-8 production. L. rhamnosus was more effective at decreasing production of IL-8 from human IEC when they were pre-incubated with this bacterium and subsequently challenged with proinflammatory stimuli. Certain effects of L. rhamnosus R011 were also observed in the absence of proinflammatory stimuli. Viable L. rhamnosus induced TNF-α production from rat IEC and heat-killed L. rhamnosus decreased constitutive TGF-β production from rat IEC and induced IL-8 or CINC-1 production from human and rat IEC, respectively. In Biobreeding rats, we demonstrated that oat dietary fibre significantly alters active TGF-β, CINC-1 and IL-6 levels in the colon in comparison to AIN-93G-fed rats. Wheat dietary fibre induced changes in active TGF-β, CINC-1 and IL-4 levels in the ileum in comparison to resistant starch-fed rats. Lastly, resistant starch exerted effects in the mesenteric lymph node, where changes in active TGF-β were observed in rats in comparison to AIN-93G-fed rats. Oat bran, wheat bran and resistant starch had no effects on cytokine levels in the serum or spleen of rats. Fructooligosaccharide-fed rats had a significant increase in active TGF-β levels in the colon and a significant decrease in active TGF-β levels in the spleen. Overall this suggests a FOS supplemented diet has both mucosal and systemic effects in rats, while wheat, oat and resistant starch supplemented diets had effects focused at the different locations at the mucosal level. These results illustrate differences in the ability of different dietary fibres to target immune parameters in specific mucosal tissues along the gastrointestinal tract and differential ability to exert systemic effects. Understanding the mechanism of action of probiotics provides insight into the downstream effects of prebiotics, while investigating effects of prebiotics on the immune system provides a broader view of the outcome of changes in gut microbiota composition and activity at the host organism level. / UOIT

Kunskapen och undersökningarna kring tarmfloran och dess koppling till flera sjukdomar ökar i snabb takt samtidigt som underliggande faktorer för utveckling av metabola syndromet blir allt vanligare. Den västerländska livsstilen med minskad fysisk aktivitet och ökad kroppsvikt leder till allt fler hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. Studier tyder på att personer med övervikt, diabetes och andra sjukdomar har annorlunda sammansättning av tarmfloran jämfört med friska personer, men orsaken till variationerna är inte helt klarlagd. Genom analys av sju vetenskapliga artiklar undersöktes tarmflorans betydelse för faktorer inkluderade i metabola syndromet, samt om pro- eller prebiotikas effekter är av betydelse. Denna litteraturstudie gav varierande resultat beroende på vilken typ av pro- eller prebiotika som intogs, och sammantaget krävs fler studier för att kartlägga tarmflorans koppling till bland annat blodtryck, body mass index (BMI) och glukostolerans.

Probiotics are live microorganisms which when consumed in adequate amounts confer a health benefit upon the host. Commonly associated with the gastrointestinal tract of warm blooded animals, Lactobacillus species are often used as probiotics. Benefits of probiotic Lactobacillus use include improved digestive health, immune modulation, and increased resistance to enteric pathogens. Benefits of probiotic administration to poultry production include improved performance and feed conversion, reduced mortality, and improved food safety due to reduced colonization by human foodborne pathogens. Adherence to intestinal epithelia and persistence in the gastrointestinal tract is antecedent to the realization of benefits of probiotic lactobacilli. Lactobacillus species produce proteins, including fibronectin binding proteins, mucus binding proteins, and surface layer proteins, that associate with host factors and are responsible for bacterial adhesion. In vitro assays based on stable cell lines have been used to investigate adherence of Lactobacillus to epithelial cells. However, there have been no studies using poultry derived epithelial cell lines. In this study, we have developed an assay based on the chicken LMH epithelial cell line to investigate adherence and colonization of Lactobacillus species in poultry. Adherence assays revealed Lactobacillus crispatus ST1, Lactobacillus crispatus JCM 5810, Lactobacillus gallinarum ATCC 33199, and Lactobacillus gallinarum JCM 8782 were able to effectively adhere to the chicken LMH cell line when compared to low-adherent Bacillus subtilis and high-adherent Salmonella controls. Administration of these rifampicin resistant variants of these Lactobacillus cultures to broiler chicks revealed these cultures to transiently colonize the gastrointestinal tract. L. crispatus ST1 and L. gallinarum ATCC 33199 were found to persist more effectively than L. crispatus JCM 5810 and L. gallinarum JCM 8782. These studies of the adherence and colonization of poultry by Lactobacillus cultures are expected to contribute to improved understanding of the functionality of these microorganisms in poultry production.