The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of problem-posing instruction on fraction in a fifth-grade elementary school of aboriginal children in Taitung. Through a pilot and integrating modified problem-posing instruction in mathematics teaching, the investigator studied the performance and learning attitude of children and analyzed the acceptability of the problem-posing teaching processes. The researcher collected data by using: own constructed fraction problems question sheet, worksheet on problem-posing, worksheet on problem-solving, the teacher¡¦s math notes on instruction, children¡¦s diaries, students¡¦ feedback surveys and post-tests of mathematical problem-solving ability. The researcher analyzed categories of children¡¦s work and contents of problems-posing that children created. Results indicated that the children made progress in problem-posing performance and ability of problem-solving and behaved positively on learning attitude. From this study, the researcher found that the majority of the students participated in this study were interested in this teaching technique, and students gained confidence in posing and solving mathematical problems. Finally, the teacher could reflect upon practice on problem-posing instruction through action research. The above results yielded instructional implications for teachers who consider integrating problem-posing teaching into mathematics instruction for elementary school children.

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes of two elementary second graders after integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction and administering tests on addition and subtraction word problems. The case study approach was adopted; where two second graders, having difficulty in comprehending addition and subtraction word problems, were selected from the researcher¡¦s class. Both students were given addition and subtraction word problems problem-solving pretests and were interviewed afterwards to further analyze their problem-solving abilities and attitudes so as to refer to remedial instruction. After instructional activities came to an end, addition and subtraction word problems problem-solving posttests were then given. Students were interviewed to explore the changes in problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes. Data were collected by observations, interviews and collections of related documents (including two cases¡¦ addition and subtraction word problems pretest and posttest, problem-solving worksheets, problem-posing worksheets, learning diaries, researcher¡¦s teaching introspection record table, audio-taping, video-taping, etc.). The changes in cases¡¦ problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes were analyzed and the findings indicated were four. First, picture books create problem-solving context that can raise cases¡¦ learning motives. Second, with problem-posing process of all types of addition and subtraction word problems and practice, problem-solving abilities of the cases were improved in four dimensions (Being able to locate unknown in problem targets and the known conditions from word problems; being able to select appropriate schematic drawing and to identify its relationship with the problem; being able to set up equations; and, being able to examine whether answers were reasonable.). Third, the remedial instructions designed were able to raise cases¡¦ level of confidence in problem-solving. Fourth, implementing remedial instruction by integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction enables not only transforming one case¡¦s passive learning attitudes to positive but also maintaining the other case¡¦s original positive attitudes. The above four results indicated that implementing addition and subtraction word problems remedial instruction to two second graders by integrating picture books into problem-posing instruction helped to improve children¡¦s problem-solving abilities and learning attitudes. Implications on research and practice were also given.