Magister Legum - LLM / The objective of this study is to analyse the law relating to exploration and production of oil and gas in Tanzania in relation to the protection of FDI. The analysis will be based on the international standards for the protection of FDI. Some of these standards are contained in international instruments and some of them have attained the status of customary international law. Examples of such standards include: Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), Full Protection and Security (FPS), non-arbitrariness and non-discrimination, among others. Some international instruments to be referred to include the 1992 World Bank Guidelines on Treatment of FDI and the CERDS.

There is a vast literature on the distortionary effects of the tax-royalty system, while the effects of Production Sharing Contract (PSC) is largely understudied. Moreover, economic studies typically oversimplify the physics of the field and consequently end up with models which do not necessarily fully reflect the reality. In this study, we build a dynamic optimisation model which nests the physics of the reservoir and investigates the distortionary effects of a PSC.

Esta tese tem como propósito apresentar uma abordagem que justifique a vigência dos dois regimes jurídicos regulatórios presentes hodiernamente no ordenamento pátrio para a etapa de exploração e produção, segmento upstream, da indústria de petróleo e gás natural. Para tanto, abordaremos esses regimes sob o paradigma da segurança energética, que decorre, de um lado, da atual escassez de recursos naturais finitos, e, de outro, da importância estratégica que a indústria de hidrocarbonetos assumiu na economia capitalista, transformando-se, de uma commodity em um recurso estratégico ou de importância geopolítica para os países. Tendo em vista esse paradigma, trataremos da escolha do regime jurídico para o setor a partir do tradeoff incluindo, de um lado, o risco envolvidotr nesse segmento da referida indústria, e, de outro, a aquisição da propriedade dos hidrocarbonetos explotados. A justificativa em favor da mantença desses regimes tem como fulcro tornar as estruturas institucionais pátrias mais adaptadas: (i) de um lado, às díspares circunstâncias exploratórias encontradas, blocos envolvendo altos riscos exploratórios sendo explorados pelo regime calcado na Emenda Constitucional Nº 9 e Lei Nº 9.478/1997 e blocos com baixos riscos, por meio do regime disposto na Lei Nº 12.351/2010, Lei Nº 12.304/2010 e Lei Nº 12.276/2010, e, (ii) de outro, na importância que a propriedade sobre os hidrocarbonetos passou a assumir para os países em razão do paradigma da segurança energética. Nesse sentido, defendemos a tese de que o contrato ínsito ao regime regulatório de 2010, contrato de partilha de produção, uma combinação convexa entre os contratos de concessão e de serviços, figurando como um meio termo entre ambos, permite maior adaptação no tradeoff entre risco e propriedade. / This thesis aims to present an approach that justifies the validity of the two regulatory legal systems present in our times in the national order to step exploration and production, upstream segment, of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, we will address these schemes under the paradigm of energy security, which takes place on the one hand, the current shortage of finite natural resources, and on the other, the strategic importance of the oil industry took in the capitalist economy, transforming herself, a commodity, in a strategic or geopolitical resource for countries. Given this paradigm, we will treat the choice of the legal framework for the sector from the tradeoff involving, on the one hand, the risk involved in this segment of that industry, and on the other, the acquisition of ownership of hydrocarbons exploited. The reason in favor of keeping these schemes is to make institutional structures best suited to: (i) the different circumstances encountered in blocks involving high exploration risks, being exploited by the regime framed on Constitutional Amendment Nº 9 and Law Nº 9.478/1997, or blocks with low risks through the regime framed in Law Nº 12.351/2010, Law Nº 12.304/2010 and Law Nº 12.276/2010; (ii) the importance of ownership of the hydrocarbons has assumed for countries, due to the energy security paradigm. In this sense, we defend the thesis that the contract itself to the regulatory regime of 2010, production sharing contract, is a convex combination of concession contracts and services, appearing as a middle term between the two, allowing greater adaptation in the tradeoff between risk and property.