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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Stability of Transfermium Elements at High Spin : Measuring the Fission Barrier of 254No

Henning, Gregoire 20 September 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Super heavy nuclei provide opportunities to study nuclear structure near three simultaneous limits: in charge Z, spin I and excitation energy E∗. These nuclei exist only because of a fission barrier, created by shell effects. It is therefore important to determine the fission barrier and its spin dependence Bf(I), which gives information on the shell energy Eshell(I). Theoretical calculations predict different fission barrier heights from Bf(I = 0) = 6.8 MeV for a macro-microscopic model to 8.7 MeV for Density Functional Theory calculations using the Gogny or Skyrme interactions. Hence, a measurement of Bf provides a test for theories.To investigate the fission barrier, an established method is to measure the rise of fission with excitation energy, characterized by the ratio of decay widths Γfission/Γtotal, using transfer reactions. However, for heavy elements such as 254No, there is no suitable target for a transfer reaction. We therefore rely on the complementary decay widths ratio Γγ/Γfission and its spin dependence, deduced from the entry distribution (I, E∗).Measurements of the gamma-ray multiplicity and total energy for 254No have been performed with beam energies of 219 and 223 MeV in the reaction 208Pb(48Ca,2n) at ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System). The 254No gamma rays were detected using the Gammasphere array as a calorimeter - as well as the usual high resolution γ-ray detector. Coincidences with evaporation residues at the Fragment Mass Analyzer focal plane separated 254No gamma rays from those from fission fragments, which are > 10^6 more intense. From this measurement, the entry distribution - i.e. the initial distribution of I and E∗ - is constructed. Each point (I,E∗) of the entry distribution is a point where gamma decay wins over fission and, therefore, gives information on the fission barrier.The measured entry distributions show an increase in the maximum spin and excitation energy from 219 to 223 MeV of beam energy. The distributions show a saturation of E∗ for high spins. The saturation is attributed to the fact that, as E∗ increases above the saddle, Γfission rapidly dominates. The resulting truncation of the entry distribution at high E∗ allows a determination of the fission barrier height.The experimental entry distributions are also compared with entry distributions calculated with decay cascade codes which take into account the full nucleus formation process, including the capture process and the subsequent survival probability as a function of E∗ and I. We used the KEWPIE2 and NRV codes to simulate the entry distribution.
2

Stability of Transfermium Elements at High Spin : Measuring the Fission Barrier of 254No / Stablité des Eléments Trans-ferminums à Haut Spin : Mesure de la barrière de fission de 254No

Henning, Gregoire 20 September 2012 (has links)
Les noyaux super lourds offrent la possibilité d’étudier la structure nucléaire à trois limites simultanément: en charge Z, spin I et énergie d’excitation E∗. Ces noyaux existent seulement grâce à une barrière de fission créée par les effets de couche. Il est donc important de déterminer cette barrière de fission et sa dépendance en spin Bf(I), qui nous renseigne sur l’énergie de couche Eshell(I). Les théories prédisent des valeurs différentes pour la hauteur de la barrière de fission, allant de Bf(I = 0) = 6.8 MeV dans un modèle macro-microscopique à 8.7 MeV pour des calculs de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité utilisant l’interaction Gogny ou Skyrme. Une mesure de Bf fournit donc un test des théories.Pour étudier la barrière de fission, la méthode établie est de mesurer, par réaction de transfert, l’augmentation de la fission avec l’énergie d’excitation, caractérisée par le rapport des largeurs de décroissance Γfission/Γtotal,. Cependant, pour les éléments lourds comme 254No, il n’existe pas de cible appropriée pour une réaction de transfert. Il faut s’en remettre à un rapport de largeur de décroissance complémentaire: Γγ/Γfission et sa dépendance en spin, déduite de la distribution d’entrée (I, E∗).Des mesures de la multiplicité et l’énergie totale des rayons γ de254No ont été faites aux énergies de faisceau 219 et 223 MeV pour la réaction 208Pb(48Ca,2n) à ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System). Les rayons γ du 254No ont été détectés par le multi-détecteur Gammasphere utilisé comme calorimètre – et aussi comme détecteur de rayons γ de haute résolution. Les coïncidences avec les résidus d’évaporation au plan focal du Fragment Mass Analyzer ont permis de séparer les rayons γ du 254No de ceux issus de la fission, qui sont > 10^6 fois plus intenses. De ces mesures, la distribution d’entrée – c’est-à-dire la distribution initiale en I et E∗ – est reconstruite. Chaque point (I,E∗) de la distribution d’entrée est un point où la décroissance γ l’a emporté sur la fission, et ainsi, contient une information sur la barrière de fission.La distribution d’entrée mesurée montre une augmentation du spin maximal et de l’énergie d’excitation entre les énergies de faisceau 219 et 223 MeV. La distribution présente une saturation de E∗ à hauts spins. Cette saturation est attribuée au fait que, lorsque E∗ augmente au-dessus de la barrière, Γfission domine rapidement. Il en résulte une troncation de la distribution d’entrée à haute énergie qui permet la détermination de la hauteur de la barrière de fission.La mesure expérimentale de la distribution d’entrée est également comparée avec des distributions d’entrée calculées par des simulations de cascades de décroissance qui prennent en compte le processus de formation du noyau, incluant la capture et la survie, en fonction de E∗ et I. Dans ce travail, nous avons utilisé les codes KEWPIE2 et NRV pour simuler les distributions d’entrée. / Super heavy nuclei provide opportunities to study nuclear structure near three simultaneous limits: in charge Z, spin I and excitation energy E∗. These nuclei exist only because of a fission barrier, created by shell effects. It is therefore important to determine the fission barrier and its spin dependence Bf(I), which gives information on the shell energy Eshell(I). Theoretical calculations predict different fission barrier heights from Bf(I = 0) = 6.8 MeV for a macro-microscopic model to 8.7 MeV for Density Functional Theory calculations using the Gogny or Skyrme interactions. Hence, a measurement of Bf provides a test for theories.To investigate the fission barrier, an established method is to measure the rise of fission with excitation energy, characterized by the ratio of decay widths Γfission/Γtotal, using transfer reactions. However, for heavy elements such as 254No, there is no suitable target for a transfer reaction. We therefore rely on the complementary decay widths ratio Γγ/Γfission and its spin dependence, deduced from the entry distribution (I, E∗).Measurements of the gamma-ray multiplicity and total energy for 254No have been performed with beam energies of 219 and 223 MeV in the reaction 208Pb(48Ca,2n) at ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System). The 254No gamma rays were detected using the Gammasphere array as a calorimeter – as well as the usual high resolution γ-ray detector. Coincidences with evaporation residues at the Fragment Mass Analyzer focal plane separated 254No gamma rays from those from fission fragments, which are > 10^6 more intense. From this measurement, the entry distribution – i.e. the initial distribution of I and E∗ – is constructed. Each point (I,E∗) of the entry distribution is a point where gamma decay wins over fission and, therefore, gives information on the fission barrier.The measured entry distributions show an increase in the maximum spin and excitation energy from 219 to 223 MeV of beam energy. The distributions show a saturation of E∗ for high spins. The saturation is attributed to the fact that, as E∗ increases above the saddle, Γfission rapidly dominates. The resulting truncation of the entry distribution at high E∗ allows a determination of the fission barrier height.The experimental entry distributions are also compared with entry distributions calculated with decay cascade codes which take into account the full nucleus formation process, including the capture process and the subsequent survival probability as a function of E∗ and I. We used the KEWPIE2 and NRV codes to simulate the entry distribution.

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