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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

High-energy emission and recent afterglow studies of gamma-ray bursts

Barniol Duran, Rodolfo Jose 16 June 2011 (has links)
Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are powerful explosions that emit most of their energy, as their name suggests, in gamma-rays of typical energies of about 1 MeV. This emission lasts for about two minutes or less and it is called the prompt emission. The isotropic energy radiated in GRBs is equivalent to the energy that the Sun will radiate in its entire lifetime. After decades of studying this cosmological phenomenon, we have come to learn that it involves a collimated and relativistic jet. Also, we know that they radiate energy in the X-ray, optical and radio bands for days, weeks and years, respectively, which is called the afterglow. Recently, NASA's Fermi Satellite was launched and, in addition to MeV photons, it detected GeV photons from these astrophysical sources. We show that these GeV photons are produced when the GRB jet interacts with the medium that surrounds it: the external forward shock model. We arrive at this conclusion not only by studying the GeV emission, but also by studying the afterglow observations (Chapter 2). We corroborate this model by studying the electron acceleration in the external forward shock model and find that electrons can radiate at the maximum observed energy of ~ 10 GeV (Chapter 3). We also provide an extensive analysis of the most recent afterglow observations of GRB 090902B within the same framework of an external forward shock origin. We find that the data for this burst requires a small deviation from the traditionally used power-law electron energy distribution, however, our previous results remain unchanged (Chapter 4). To conclude, we use the end of the prompt emission phase, which exhibits a steep X-ray temporal decay, to constrain the behavior of the central engine responsible for launching the relativistic jet (Chapter 5). / text
2

Towards a Chemical Taxonomy of Comets: Infrared Spectroscopic Methods for Quantitative Measurements of Cometary Water (With an Independent Chapter on Mars Polar Science)

Bonev, Boncho P. January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
3

The prompt emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts : analysis and interpretation of Fermi observations / L'émission prompte des sursauts gamma : analyse et interprétation des observations de Fermi

Yassine, Manal 11 September 2017 (has links)
Les sursauts gamma (GRBs pour "Gamma-Ray Bursts" en anglais) sont de brèves bouffées très énergétiques de rayonnement de haute énergie qui sont émises sur de courtes échelles de temps (fraction de seconde à plusieurs minutes). L'émission intense des sursauts gamma à haute énergie est supposée provenir d'un trou noir de masse stellaire nouvellement formé, accompagné d'un vent collimaté (i.e. un jet) se propageant à vitesse relativiste. L'émission est observée suivant deux phases successives, la phase prompte très erratique, et la phase de rémanence, moins lumineuse. Les deux instruments embarqués sur le satellite Fermi, le "Gamma-ray Burst Monitor" (GBM) et le "Large Area Telescope" (LAT), permettent d'étudier l'émission prompte des sursauts gamma sur une grande plage d'énergie (de ~10 keV à ~100 GeV). L'objectif principal de ma thèse est l'analyse et l'interprétation des propriétés spectrales et temporelles de l'émission prompte des GRBs observés par Fermi, en particulier avec les nouvelles données du LAT (Pass 8) qui ont été rendues publiques en juin 2015.La première partie de mon travail est une analyse spectrale résolue en temps de la phase prompte du sursaut GRB 090926A avec les données du GBM et du LAT. Mes résultats confirment avec un meilleur niveau de confiance la présence d'une cassure spectrale à ~400 MeV, qui est observée en coincidence avec un pic d'émission très court. Ils révèlent que cette atténuation spectrale est présente durant toute l'émission prompte du sursaut, et que l'énergie de cassure augmente jusqu'au GeV. L'interprétation de la cassure spectrale en termes d'absorption gamma ou de courbure naturelle du spectre d'émission Compton inverse (CI) dans le régime Klein-Nishina fournit des contraintes fortes sur le facteur de Lorentz du jet. Mes résultats conduisent en outre à des rayons d'émission R ∼10^14 cm qui sont compatibles avec une origine interne de l'émission du keV au GeV au-dessus de la photosphère du jet.La seconde partie de mon travail est une exploration du modèle de chocs internes développé par des collaborateurs à l'Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP). Ce modèle simule la dynamique du jet et les processus d'émission (synchrotron et CI) d'une population d'électrons accélérés aux chocs. J'ai simulé la réponse instrumentale de Fermi à un sursaut synthétique fourni par ce code numérique, et j'ai construit une fonction paramétrique qui peut être utilisée pour ajuster le modèle aux spectres de sursauts du keV au MeV. J'ai appliqué cette fonction avec succès à un échantillon de 64 sursauts brillants détectés par le GBM. J'ai aussi confronté le modèle de l'IAP au spectre d'émission prompte de GRB 090926A. Mes résultats montrent un bon accord, et j'ai identifié quelques pistes pour les améliorer. Les spectres synthétiques sont plus larges que tous les spectres dans l'échantillon du GBM. En conséquence, je discute brièvement quelques pistes de développements théoriques qui pourraient améliorer l'accord du modèle avec les observations, ainsi que des avancées observationnelles attendues dans le futur. / Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are very energetic and brief flashes of high-energy radiations which are emitted in a short time scale (fraction of a second to several minutes). The GRB bright emission is thought to be powered by a newly formed stellar-mass black hole that is accompanied by a collimated outflow (i.e. a jet) moving at a relativistic speed. The emission is observed as two successive phases: the highly variable “prompt” phase and the late and less luminous “afterglow” phase. The two instruments on board the Fermi space telescope, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and the Large Area Telescope (LAT), allow the study of GRB prompt emission over a broad energy range (from ~10 keV to ~100 GeV). In June 2015, a new set of LAT data (Pass 8) was publicly released, which were generated using improved algorithms of reconstruction and classification of gamma-ray events. The main goal of my thesis is the analysis and interpretation of the spectral and temporal properties of the prompt emission phase of the GRBs observed by Fermi, especially using LAT Pass8 data.In the first part of my work, I performed a detailed time-resolved spectral analysis of the prompt phase of GRB 090926A with GBM and LAT data. My results confirm with a greater significance the spectral break at ∼400 MeV that is observed during a fast variability pulse, and they also reveal the presence of a spectral attenuation throughout the GRB prompt emission, as well as an increase of the break energy up to the GeV domain. I interpreted the spectral break in terms of gamma-ray absorption or as a natural curvature of the inverse Compton (IC) emission in the Klein-Nishina regime. Strong constraints on the jet Lorentz factor were obtained in both scenarios. My results lead also to emission radii R ∼10^14 cm, which are consistent with an internal origin of both the keV-MeV and GeV prompt emissions above the jet photosphere.The second part of my work is an exploration of the internal shock model that has been developed by collaborators at the "Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris" (IAP). This model simulates the GRB jet dynamics and the radiations (synchrotron and IC processes) from a population of shock-accelerated electrons. I simulated the response of the Fermi instruments to the synthetic GRB spectra provided by this numerical code. From these simulations, I built a new parametric function that can be used to fit the keV-MeV spectra of GRBs with the model. I applied successfully this function to a sample of 64 GBM bright GRBs. I confronted also the IAP model to the prompt emission spectrum of GRB 090926A. I obtained a relatively good agreement and I identified a couple of solutions that may improve it. The synthetic spectra are wider than any GRB spectra in the GBM sample. I present some theoretical developments that could improve the data-model agreement in the future, and I discuss possible advances from future GRB missions as well.

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