La République du Cameroun, vue sous l’angle de l’idée et de l’administration de la preuve suscite, à plus d’un titre, un intérêt certain. C’est un espace humain où la Loi fondamentale « reconnaît et protège les valeurs traditionnelles » considérées comme « conformes aux principes démocratiques, aux droits de l’homme et à la loi ». Cette consécration n’a pas seulement permis la survivance du dualisme juridique et judiciaire hérité de la période d’occupation du pays par des puissances occidentales [Allemagne (1884-1914), France (1914-1959) et Angleterre (1914-1961)] ; elle va en outre favoriser l’émergence d’un système de preuve dont la particularité réside dans une forme de cohabitation entre modes traditionnels et modes modernes de preuve. Au mérite d’une telle cohabitation, la complémentarité qui semble exister entre deuxmodes de preuves, surtout lorsqu’ils se retrouvent au service d’une criminologie spécifique aux attentes et réalités de ce milieu et que Maryse RAYNAL qualifie si bien de mélange de criminalité traditionnelle, de criminalité classique et de criminalité nouvelle. Les procès en accusation de sorcellerie, au cours desquels les acteurs essaient d’amener le rationnel à saisir l’irrationnel en sont une illustration. L’initiative du recours aux modes traditionnels n’est pas la seule affaire des justiciables. A la suite de ces derniers, certains juges sursoient à statuer dans l’attente de l’avis de ceux qu’ils considèrent alors comme experts en droit traditionnel. En refusant comme il a su le faire d’opposer tradition et modernité, le législateur camerounais n’a-t-il pas essayé à sa manière de permettre une éclosion les valeurs fondamentales de la société dont il ala charge ? / The Republic of Cameroon, seen under the angle of the idea and the administration of the proof causes, in more than one way, an unquestionable interest. It is a human space where the fundamental Law « recognizes and protects the traditionalvalues »7 regarded as « in conformity with the democratic principles, the human rights and the law »8. This dedication did not only allow the survival of legal and legal dualism9 inherited from the period of occupation of the country by Western powers [Germany (1884-1914), France (1914-1959) and England (1914-1961)] ; it will also support the emergence of a system of proof whose characteristic lies in a form of cohabitation between traditional modes and modern modes of proof. With the merit of such a cohabitation, the complementarity which seems to exist between two modes of evidence, especially when they are found with the service criminology specific to waitings and realities of this medium and that Maryse RAYNAL qualifies so well as a mixture of traditional criminality, classic criminality and new criminality. The lawsuits in charge of sorcery, during which the actors try to bring the rational one to seize the irrational one are an illustration. The initiative of the recourse to the traditional modes is not the only business of the justiciable ones. Following the latter, some judges postpone to rule in waiting of the opinion of those they consider then as experts in traditional right. While refusing, as he managed to do, to oppose tradition and modernity, didn't the Cameroonian legislator test with his manner of allowing ablossoming the fundamental values of the company of which it with the load ? / Die Republik von Kamerun, die unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Idee und der Verwaltung des Beweises gesehen wurde, ruft auf ein sicheres Interesse hervor. Es ist ein menschlicher Raum, wo das Grundgesetz « erkennt und schützt die traditionellen Werte an »4 angesehen als « übereinstimmend mit den demokratischen Grundsätzen, den Menschenrechten und dem Gesetz »5. Diese Widmung hat das überleben des von der Besatzungszeit des Landes durch Fremdmächte [Deutschland (1884-1914), Frankreich (1914-1959) und England (1914-1961)] geerbten rechtlichen und gerichtlichen Dualismus nicht nur erlaubt6; sie wird außerdem das Auftauchen eines Beweissystems fördern, dessen Besonderheit auf einer Art des Zusammenlebens zwischen traditionellen Methoden und modernen Beweismethoden beruht. Am Verdienst eines solchen Zusammenlebens, die Komplementarität, die scheint, zwischen zwei Beweismethoden zu bestehen, besonders, wenn sie sich am Dienst von Kriminologie befinden, die für die Erwartungen und Wirklichkeit dieser Mitte spezifisch ist, und daß Maryse RAYNAL als Mischung traditioneller Kriminalität, klassischer Kriminalität und neuer riminalität bezeichnet. Die Prozesse in Hexereianklage, im Verlauf derer die Beteiligten versuchen, das vernünftige dazu zuveranlassen, das irrationale zu erfassen, sind eine Illustration. Die Initiative des Rückgriffs auf die traditionellen Methoden betrifft nicht nur die der Rechtssprechung unterworfene Personen. Infolge dieser Letzten schieben einige Richter auf, inErwartung der Ansicht von jenen zu bestimmen, daß sie dann als Experten in traditionellem Recht ansehen. Indem er abgelehnt hat, Tradition und Modernität entgegenzusetzen, hat der kamerunische Gesetzgeber, auf seine Art und Weiseversucht, ein Aufbrechen der grundlegenden Werte der Gesellschaft zu erlauben.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-146). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (doctoral)--Stockholm University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-85).

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 93-96).

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-96). Also available in print.

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In this thesis we investigate the applicability of proof planning to automate the verification of hardware systems. Proof planning is a meta-level reasoning technique which captures patterns of proof common to a family of theorems. It contributes to the automation of proof by incorporating and extending heuristics found in the Nqthm theorem prover and using them to guide a tactic-based theorem prover in the search for a proof. We have addressed the automation of proof for hardware verification from a proof planning perspective, and have applied the strategies and search control mechanisms of proof planning to generate automatically customised tactics which prove conjectures about the correctness of many types of circuits. The contributions of this research can be summarised as follows: (1) we show by experimentation the applicability of the proof planning ideas to verify automatically hardware designs;(2)we develop and use a methodology based on the concept of proof engineering using proof planning to verify various combinational and sequential circuits which include: arithmetic circuits (adders, subtracters, multipliers, dividers, factorials), data-path components arithmetic logic units shifters, processing units) and a simple microprocessor system; and (3) we contribute to the profiling of the Clam proof planning system by improving its robustness and efficiency in handling large terms and proofs. In verifying hardware, the user formalises a problem by writing the specification, the implementation and the conjecture, using a logic language, and asks Clam to compose a tactic to prove the conjecture. This tactic is then executed by the Oyster prover. To compose a tactic, Clam uses a set of methods which implement the heuristics that specify general-purpose tactics, and AI planning mechanisms. Search is controlled by a type of annotated rewriting called rippling, which controls the selective application of rewrite scaled wave rules. We have extended some of the Clam's methods to verify circuits. The size of the proofs were orders of magnitude larger than the proofs that had been attempted before with proof planning, and are comparable with similar verification proofs obtained by other systems but using fewer lemmas and less interaction. Proof engineering refers to the application of formal proof for system design and verification. We propose a proof engineering methodology which consists of partitioning the automation of formal proof into three different kind of tasks: user, proof and systems tasks. User tasks have to do with formalising a particular verification problem and using a formal tool to obtain a proof. Proof tasks refer to the tuning of proof techniques (e.g. methods and tactics)to help obtain a proof. Systems tasks have to do with the modification of a formal tool system. By making this distinction explicit, proof development is more manageable. We conjecture that our approach is widely applicable and can be integrated into formal verification environments to improve automation facilities, and be utilised to verify commercial and safety-critical hardware systems in industrial settings.